Actaea racemosa L.

Native to:

Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Ontario, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

• Bailey, C. & al. (2015). Guide to the Vascular Plants of Tennessee: 1-813. University of Tennessee press.
• Govaerts, R. (1995). World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2): 1-483, 529. MIM, Deurne.
• Knapp, W.M. & Naczi, R.F.C. (2021). Vascular plants of Maryland, USA. A comprehensive account of the state's botanical diversity. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 113: 1-151.
• Mohlenbrock, R.H. (2014). Vascular Flora of Illinois. A Field Guide, ed. 4: 1-536. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.

Kew Species Profiles

• Anon (Updated 2015). Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program: Black Cohosh Fact Sheet. Massachusetts Division of Fisheries & Wildlife.
• Brinkmann, J. (2010). Taking a closer look at the US black cohosh rhizome trade. HerbalEGram 7(12). American Botanical Council.
• Compton, J. A., Culham, A. & Jury, S. L. (1998). Reclassification of Actaea to include Cimicifuga and Souliea (Ranunculaceae): phylogeny inferred from morphology, nrDNA ITS, and cpDNA trnL-F sequence variation. Taxon 47(3): 593–634.
• Davis, J. (2013). Black Cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.). Extension: WNC Natural Products Project.
• Lonner, J. (2007). Medicinal Plant Fact Sheet: Cimicifuga racemosa / Black Cohosh. A collaboration of the IUCN Medicinal Plant Specialist Group, PCA-Medicinal Plant Working Group, and North American Pollinator Protection Campaign. PCA-Medicinal Plant Working Group, Arlington, Virginia.
• Lyke, J. (2001). Summary of the Conservation Status of Cimicifuga  ssp. (Cimicifuga rubifolia , C. americana , and C. racemosa ). Plant Conservation Alliance Medicinal Plant Working Group.
• Painter, D., Perwaiz, S. & Murty, M. (2010). Black cohosh products and liver toxicity: update. Canadian Adverse Reaction Newsletter 20(1): 1–2. Health Products and Food Branch, MedEffect, Canada.
• Pengelly, A. & Bennett, K. (2012). Appalachian Plant Monographs. Black Cohosh Actaea racemosa L. Appalachian Center for Ethnobotanical Studies.
• Robbins, C. (1999). Medicine from U.S. Wildlands: An Assessment of Native Plant Species Harvested in the United States for Medicinal Use and Trade and Evaluation of the Conservation and Management Implications. TRAFFIC North America.
• Small, E. & Catling, P. M. (2013). Canadian Medicinal Crops: Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. (Black Cohosh). Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.
• Southern Cross Plant Science (2012). Medicinal Plant Monographs: Actaea racemosa. Southern Cross University, Australia.

Kew Backbone Distributions

• Mohlenbrock, R.H. (2014). Vascular Flora of Illinois. A Field Guide, ed. 4: 1-536. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.