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  • Extraction of Pyrethrins From Chrysanthemum Cinerariaefolium For Use As A Bio

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    Frank Mtetwa
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    1) Pyrethrins are natural pesticides extracted from chrysanthemum flowers that are toxic to insects but safe for mammals. They are commonly used to control pests and degrade quickly without leaving residues. 2) The document describes the process of extracting pyrethrins from chrysanthemum flowers through filtration and solvent washes, yielding a crude pyrethrin that is further purified. 3) A proposed project requires 20 hectares of land for pyrethrum production, which with estimated yields and equipment would produce 150kg of pyrethrin per year requiring an investment of $18,800 for machinery and $23,000 annually for chemicals.

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    Extraction of Pyrethrins from Chrysanthemum Cinerariaefolium for use as a bio

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    1) Pyrethrins are natural pesticides extracted from chrysanthemum flowers that are toxic to insects but safe for mammals. They are commonly used to control pests and degrade quickly without leaving residues. 2) The document describes the process of extracting pyrethrins from chrysanthemum flowers through filtration and solvent washes, yielding a crude pyrethrin that is further purified. 3) A proposed project requires 20 hectares of land for pyrethrum production, which with estimated yields and equipment would produce 150kg of pyrethrin per year requiring an investment of $18,800 for machinery and $23,000 annually for chemicals.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    350 views3 pages

    Extraction of Pyrethrins From Chrysanthemum Cinerariaefolium For Use As A Bio

    Uploaded by

    Frank Mtetwa
    1) Pyrethrins are natural pesticides extracted from chrysanthemum flowers that are toxic to insects but safe for mammals. They are commonly used to control pests and degrade quickly without leaving residues. 2) The document describes the process of extracting pyrethrins from chrysanthemum flowers through filtration and solvent washes, yielding a crude pyrethrin that is further purified. 3) A proposed project requires 20 hectares of land for pyrethrum production, which with estimated yields and equipment would produce 150kg of pyrethrin per year requiring an investment of $18,800 for machinery and $23,000 annually for chemicals.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 3

    Extraction of Pyrethrins from Chrysanthemum Cinerariaefolium (Pyrethrum) for use

    as a bio-pesticide
    Introduction

    Pyrethrins are pesticides found naturally in some chrysanthemum flowers. They are


    a mixture of six chemicals that are toxic to insects. Pyrethrins are commonly used to
    control mosquitoes, fleas, flies, moths, ants, and many other pests. Pyrethrins are ideal
    pesticides in today’s context. They are produced from a natural source, display safety to
    mammals, degrades quickly and do not leave harmful residue in the environment. These
    characteristics make pyrethrum a safe and environment-friendly pesticide. World
    preference for use of plant-derived products has further increased interest in pyrethrum.
    Inter-estingly, 90 per cent of world production is achieved in East Africa, Kenya, Tanzania
    and Rwanda,which export 85 per cent of their production to the world market.

    Pyrethrins are generally separated from the flowers. However, they typically contain
    impurities from the flower. Whole, crushed flowers are known as pyrethrum powder.

    Pyrethrins have been registered for use in pesticides since the 1950’s. They have since
    been used as models to produce longer lasting chemicals called pyrethroids, which are
    man-made.

    Figure 1: Chrysanthemum Cinerariaefolium (www.vegetablegardener.com)

    Pyrethrum field
    It is favoured by cool temperatures and high rainfall which occur in the high altitude areas
    ranging from 1500-3000m. Fertile and well drained soils of moderate organic matter are also
    ideal for pyrethrum flower production. Pyrethrum continuously flower for about 10 months
    in a year. The first picking of mature flowers occurs 3-4 months after planting and
    consequently, the flowers are picked every 14-21 days. The yield of flowers ranges from 900-
    1200 kg per hectare per year with a pyrethrin content range of 1.5-2.1%

    1
    Pyrethrin production
    The process flow diagram is shown in the figure 2 below.

    Petroleum Ether + C.Cinerariaefolium

    Filter for 3 days

    Methanol 80%

    Shake vigorously

    Discard other layer Crude


    Pyrethrin

    Solution is concentrated
    and solvent evaporated

    Pyrethrin

    Figure 2: Process Flow Diagram of extraction pyrethrins

    Assuming a yield of 500kg dried flowers per hectare per year with a pyrethrin concentration
    of 1.5% results in production of 7.5kg of pyrethrin per hectare per year.

    2
    Project requirements
    The land required for the project for a start up is 20 hectares which will yield approximately
    150kg of pyrethrin. 1 skilled and 4 unskilled workers would be required.
    Machinery required for the project are in the table below.
    Machinery Quantity Cost (USD)
    Stainless steel tanks 4 $10 000
    Filter press 1 $2 000
    Centrifuge 1 $6 000
    Pump 2 $300
    Miscellaneous $500
    Total $18 800

    Chemicals required annually for the extraction process are in the table below.
    Chemical Quantity Cost (USD)
    Petroleum ether 30 tons $20 000
    Methanol 6 tons $3 000
    Total $23 000

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