11.swertia chirayita(chirayito)
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Biological source, habitat, collection and cultivation , macroscopic identification,microscopic character,chemical constituents , pharmacological activity like hypogycemic activity, antidiebetic activity, hepatoprotective activity, anti-inflammatory activity, ulcer preventive activity , antimalaerial activity, anticarcinogenic activity, antiviral activity ,antihelmintic activity, anticytotoxic activity,anti central nervous system depressent activity of swertia chirayita plant
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11.swertia chirayita(chirayito)
- 1. SHAILENDRA SHAH DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, NOBEL COLLEGE POKHARA UNIVERSITY June 24, 2018HCDs Seminar 1 1 Swertia chirayita (Chiraito)
- 2. Contents2 Classification Source Habitat Cultivation and Collection Macroscopic Character Microscopic Character Chemical costituents Traditional uses Pharmacological activity Formulations References
- 3. Classification June, 2018 3 Kingdom: Plantae Division: Angiosperm Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Gentinales Family: Gentianaceae Genus: Swertia Species: S. chirayita Common name: Chiraito
- 4. June, 2018 4 Biological Source: Swertia chirayita, belonging to family Gentianaceae, collected in flowering stage and dried, it should contain not less than 1.3% of bitter principle of chirayita.
- 5. Habitat June, 2018 5 Found in the temperate Himalayas at altitudes of 1,200-3,000 m. from Kashmir to Bhutan and in the khasi hills in meghalaya at 1,200-1,500 m.
- 6. Collection and Cultivation June, 2018 6 Chirayito is collected during November when the seeds become biologically mature having high potentiality of viability a) Chirayito prefers to grow in acidic soil condition with pH of 4.7 to 5.5 . b) It is better to sow seeds between February and April, into moist, fertile nursery beds.
- 7. June, 2018 7 c) The seeds are covered with a thin layer of soil. Mulching is necessary for better germination. Frequent water spraying is done to maintain the moisture content of soil. d) When the seeds start to germinate, the mulching materials should be removed. e) Storage: Air tight containers, Protection from light and moisture
- 8. Macroscopic Identification June, 2018 8 S. chirayita is an annual/biennial herb 0.6–1.5 m tall. It has an erect, around 2–3 ft long stem, the middle portion is cylindrical, while the upper is quadrangular, with a prominent decurrent line at each angle. Its stem is orange brown or purplish in color with large continuous yellowish.
- 9. June, 2018 9 Leaves are lanceolate, in opposite pairs, no stalks, acuminate, cordate at the base, sessile, five to seven nerved and 4 cm long. The root is simple, yellowish, somewhat oblique, or geniculate, tapering and short, almost 7–8 cm long and usually half an inch thick. Flowers are small, numerous, tetramerous, large leafy panicles, green-yellow, and tinged with purple and green or white hairs.
- 10. June 2018 10 The calyx is gamophyllous with four lobes, corolla- four lobes twisted and superimposed, united at the base where they have pairs of nectaries on each lobe covered with long hairs. Stamens 4, opposite the corolla lobe, at the base of the corolla. Ovary unilocular with ovules laminal placentation parietale; two stigmas. Capsules are egg-shaped, 2-valved with a transparent yellowish pericarp.
- 11. June 2018 Seeds are numerous, very small and dark brownish in color. Multi-colored corolla and the presence of nectaries support cross-pollination in S. chirayita. 11
- 12. Microscopic Character June 2018 12 The young stem in T.S. show a single-layered epidermis with striated cuticle, parenchymatous cortex and single-layered endodermis In older stems, secondary growth prominent, both external and internal phloem present pith parenchymatous, cortical cells contain calcium- oxalate crystals.
- 13. June 2018 13 The leaf consists of a single-layered epidermis with a thick cuticle. Mesophyll cells and little differentiated cruciferous type of stomata present in the lower epidermis, spongy tissue predominant, large fan-shaped collateral vascular bundle in the mid-rib region.
- 14. June 2018 14
- 16. Plant part used Traditional uses June, 2018 Root Whole plant An effective tonic for general weakness, fever, cough, joint pain, asthma, and the common cold For headaches and blood pressure, Tremor fever, cure malaria Treat skin diseases such as eczema and pimples 16 Traditional uses
- 17. Plant part used Traditional uses June, 2018 Whole plant Used in liver disorders, stomach disorders like dyspepsia and diarrhea, intestinal worms, Hiccups and vomiting, ulcers, gastrointestinal infections, and kidney diseases Excessive vaginal discharge 17
- 18. Pharmacological activity18 1.Hypoglysemic activity A xanthone was isolated from the hexane fraction of the Swertia chirata plant, identified as 1, 8-dihydroxy-3, 5dimethoxyxanthone (swerchirin). It has a very significant blood sugar lowering effect in fasted, fed, glucose loaded and tolbutamide pretreated albino rat models. The ED50 for 40% blood sugar lowering in male albino rats (body weight 140165 g) is 23.1 mg/kg/oral(S.S Gupta).
- 19. 192.Hepatoprotective activity Methanolic extract of the whole plant showed overall protection of 81% and 78% against paracetamol and galactosamine, respectively, when animals were admintrated with a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight (Karan at. el.). Water extract of the whole plant is also used to treat liver disorders (H.B. Singh). 3.Antioxidant activity The methanolic extracts of Swertia chirata from aerial part shows antioxidant activity and hypothesized that it is largely due to the presence of flavonoids and secoiridoid (Suryawanshi at. el.).
- 20. 20 4.Anti-inflammatory The anti-inflammatory effects of aqueous suspension of total xanthones of Swertia chirata aerial parts in 5 percent gum acacia were investigated against Carrageenin, 5-HT, Dextran, Bradykinin and PGE1 induced hind paw oedema in albino rats at a dose level of 50 mg/kg body weight (oral route). In experimental models of acute and subacute inflammation, antiinflammatory effects of S. chirata was found to be less effective when compared with standard antiinflammatory drugs like phenylbutazole (50 mg/ kg, i.p) and betamethasone (0.5 mg/kg, i.p) (C. N. islam).
- 21. 21 5.Ulcer preventive activity The ethanolic extract of S. chirata significantly reduced the intensity of gastric mucosal damage induced by indomethacin and necrotizing agents (Rafatullah et al). It has been also found that pretreatment of rats with ethanolic extract of Swertia chirata significantly prevented ethanol-induced gastric wall mucus depletion and restored the non-protein sulfhydryl content in the glandular stomachs. Extracts of S. chirata and a few other plants in combination also possess antiulcerogenic activity.
- 22. 22 6.Antileishmanial activity The antileishmanial activity of amarogentin rich S. chirata extract was examined in free as well as two different vesicular forms (liposomes and niosomes). Medda et al. reported that the vesicular bound amarogentin was found to be more active leishmanicidal agent in comparison to free amarogentin. In case of both vesicular forms, niosomal form was found to be more effective than the liposomes vesicular form at the same microviscosity level. Hence, amarogentin incorporated in liposomes or niosomes may have clinical application in the treatment of leishmaniasis.
- 23. 237.Antimalerial activity In vitro conditions, aqueous and organic solvent extracts obtained from Swertia chirata were tested on malaria strain Plasmodium falciparum FCK 2. The antimalarial activity of the plant extracts on thin blood smears was followed by quantification of the activity by use of [35S]- methionine incorporation into parasite proteins to determine the value that inhibits (IC50) and have significant inhibitory effect on P. falciparum (Bhat et al).
- 24. 24 8.Anticarcinogenic activity Crude extract and a purified Amarogentin rich extracts from the Swertia chirata has potential to activate all the four detoxification enzymes (GST, GPx, SOD and CAT), in different degrees after the treatment. The activation of the enzymes shows significant reduction in the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) during lipid peroxidation and inhibition of incidence as well as multiplicity of DMBA induced papillomas(Saha et al.). Several varieties of xanthones isolated from the S. chirata showed potent anti-carcinogenic activity (Banerjee et al.).
- 25. 259.Antihelminthic activity The crude aqueous (CAE) and methanolic extracts (CME) of S. chirata whole plant showed an antihelmintic effect on live Haemonchus contortus. Moreover, in the in vivo study, the whole plant of S. chirata administered as crude powder (CP), CAE and CME at the dose of 3 g/kg to sheep naturally infected with mixed species of gastrointestinal nematodes, showed a significant reduction in egg per gram of faece (M. B. Bajpai). The extracts of S. chirata are used in the treatment of helmintic disease (Chaudhuri et. al.).
- 26. 2610.Antiviral activity The inhibitory effect on the plaque formation of HSV-1 with S. chirata plant extract was carried out by plaque reduction assay. For this purpose, virus stock was seeded with various dilutions of plant extract (1:32 to 1:256 and also subtoxic dilution, 1:54) and observed for plaque inhibition. Swertia chirata plant extract at 1:64 dilution inhibited HSV-1 plaque formation at more than 70% inhibitory level. In this study, plant extract of Swertia chirata showed antiviral properties against Herpes simplex virus type-1.
- 27. 27 11.Cytotoxic activity Cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of the test compound was determined by conducting MTT assay. The CC50 value of Swertia chirata was calculated at 1:54 dilution. The CC50 value was calculated by regression analysis showing percent cell viability by MMT assay. In the plating efficiency assay toxicity of cells was checked by serial passaging of the cells for three times and no effect on cell growth was noticed in the treated cell.
- 28. 28 12.Anti central nervous system depressant activity Swertiamarin, a secoiridoid glycoside isolated from Swertia chirata was evaluated for its anti central nervous system (CNS) depressant activity. It was found that swertiamarin significantly reversed the mangiferin-induced CNS-stimulating effects in albino mice and rats. The results indicate that swertiamarin and mangiferin antagonize each other in vivo and thereby reverse their CNS effects. The total xanthones of Swertia chirata possess significant CNS stimulant action(Banerjee et al.).
- 29. 2913.Fever lowering activity An infusion of the herbs, prepared by extracting 15 gm of chirayata in 250 ml of hot water with aromatics like cloves and cinnamon, should be given in doses of 15 to 30 ml, helps in lowering the temperature. Water extract of the whole plant is consumed to treat chronic fever. The extract of Swertia chirata whole plant is used in the treatment of malarial fever (Singh et al.)
- 30. 30 14.Antimalerial activity The petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethanolic extract and methanol fractions of Swertia chirata showed significant antimicrobial activities against some gram- positive and gram-negative bacteria (Alam et al.). 15.Analgesic activity The ethanol extract of Swertia chirata leaf, stem, and their different fractions i.e. petroleum ether, dichloromethane, and methanol fraction posses analgesic activity in Swiss albino mice animal model. Among different fractions petroleum-ether fraction showed significant inhibition where as methanol fraction showed moderate inhibition.
- 31. 3116.Insecticidal activity The different solvent extract of S. chirata has antimosquito (insecticidal) activity against second instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. The insecticidal activity of the plant extracts depends on the concentrations of solvent as well as dose of the plant extracts. In the different solvent extracts, chloroform extract was more effective in killing larvae followed by ethanol and petroleum ether extracts (Mallikarjun et al.).
- 32. Commercial value 32 Swertia chirayita is one of the most important high-value medicinal plants of Nepal prized for its anti-diabetic, antimalarial, hepato-protective and anti-inflammatory properties. It is widely used as an important ingredient in medicinal preparations in Ayurveda, Unnani, Siddha, Tibetan and Chinese traditional medicine. Nepal is one of the main exporters of this important plant and the most significant importers are India and China. The large scale export of this plant has made it vulnerable in Nepal and there is an immediate need for its conservation.
- 33. Formulations 33 Diabecon / GlucoCare - 60 Tablet Chandraprabha Vati (B.R.) - Tablet Mahasudarshana Churna (B.R.) - Powder Phaltrikadi Kwatha (B.R.) - Powder Sarva-jwar-hara – Lauha (B.R.) – Tablet Sudarshan Churna (B.R.) – Powder Fluidextractum chiretae- Fluid extract of Chireta
- 34. Reference June 2018 34 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC 4709473/ A Review of Swertia chirayita (Gentianaceae) as a Traditional Medicinal Plant(2016 Jan 12) Mehjabeen, W. Asma, J. Noor at.el.(2017), Phytochemical and Biological Studies on Crude Extract of Swertia chirata and Its Fractions, European Journal of Medicinal Plants. Vol18, page(1-11)
- 35. June, 2018 35 S. Jesmin, M. Tamzid Hossain at. el.(2007) Investigation on Antimicrobial Activity of the Plant Swertia Chirata HAM, J. Life Earth Sci. Vol. (2) page(31-34)
- 36. June 2018 36