Picking her way through charred ruins with a flashlight, Tetiana Bezatosna returned to her apartment after it was pummeled by Russian bombardment. The Ukrainian mother-of-two has little hope it will ever be rebuilt.

Her home in the northeastern city of Kharkiv is among hundreds of thousands of war-damaged civilian properties in Ukraine, with recovery at vast expense expected to take decades.

Fixing the colossal damage — unlike anything seen in Europe in decades — is further complicated by the nonstop bombardment of Ukrainian cities as Russia grinds through the second year of its invasion.