Forest Fire Multilingual Glossary en

FOREST FIRE MULTILINGUAL GLOSSARY
ENGLISH GENERAL REFERENCE
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Introduction
The establishment of a common language is crucial for effective collaboration across national borders during fire fighting activities,
having a key role in the sharing of experiences and knowledge between different countries. One of the aspects to be considered for
developing European collaborations in forest fire fighting is the standardization of terms and concepts. In recent years, several glossaries
and dictionaries on forest fires have been developed, although some of them are limited in words, and others have terms and definitions
only in English.
The EU DG ECHO co-financed MEFISTO Project produced a valuable resource for forest fire professionals and specialist across
Europe. The glossary have been produced joining three already available glossaries. Starting from these “solid bases”, we have added
new terms suggested by forest fire experts and incident commanders from all of the MEFISTO partners’ countries, and translating all of
the terms and definition in five languages: English, Spanish, French, Italian and Portuguese.
The final version of the fully translated glossary is available in five paper versions, each of them base on a main language (English,
French, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish).
Glossary structure
For a user-friendly multilingual glossary, five PDF versions of the document have been developed. In the first version, the terms are
listed alphabetically in English. Next to each term, the definition in English and the translations in French, Italian, Portuguese and
Spanish are given. Each one of the other versions is for one of the other languages (French, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish). In these
versions, the terms and definitions are listed alphabetically in the selected language. Next to each term, the translation and definition in
English are shown, as well as the translation in the other three languages.
MEFISTO project
The project ”MEDITERRANEAN FOREST FIRE FIGHTING TRAINING STANDARDIZATION”(MEFISTO) is one of the 26
projects about prevention and preparedness selected and funded by European DG ECHO (DIRECTORATE GENERAL EUROPEAN
CIVIL PROTECTION AND HUMANITARIAN AID OPERATIONS), in 2016.
The MEFISTO project aims to raise the preparedness level through an efficient and standardized training protocol developed by a
representative network of Mediterranean stakeholders. This project addresses new opportunities for interoperability between
Mediterranean training centers, allowing international cooperation against disasters related to forest fires. MEFISTO also aims at
establishing training programs with specific sessions on the organization, protocols and procedures applied in neighboring countries.
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Project objectives
The general aim is to improve the effectiveness of cross-border fire fighting and to allow an easy and safe transfer of human and
material resources from one Country to another by the development of procedures for improving the efficiency of the forest fire fighting
system at European level, of common high quality standards in fire fighting training systems, and by sharing knowledge to increase the
collaboration capacity among Countries.
The specific objectives of the project are:
1. to share knowledge on strategies, tactics and methods applied in each of the Mediterranean Countries involved in the project and
develop the basis for the future involvement of other EU Countries;
2. to standardize specific protocols and procedures applied in the neighboring countries, in order to improve the effectiveness on cross-
border fire fighting and to allow an easy, fast and safe transfer of human and material facilities from a Country to another during
fire events. These training sessions should be especially addressed to firefighters located close to the national borders.
3. to develop a standardized and common terminology in order to improve the communication efficacy in join fire fighting operation;
4. to develop standardized operational training skills for forest fire fighters;
5. to establish an organization of representatives and agencies, which manage and monitor the skills and the certification of
competences at national level. This organization should define and maintain minimum standards of skills and abilities in forest fire
fighting training, applied in all European countries. With the setting of standards, the new organization will contribute to the
improvement of health and safety, and the mobility due to the interchange ability of the certificates.
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English French Italian Portuguese Spanish Definition
4x4 Driver Conducteur Pilota di Motorista 4X4 - Driver of an all terrain vehicle.
veicolo 4x4 ou fora de
estrada
4x4 Driver Equipier - Assistente - Person who helps the 4 x 4 driver in the suppression of fires,
assistant Motorista 4x4 maintenance of the vehicle, etc.
Absolute Humidité absolue Umidità Humidade Humedad The mass of water contained in a unit volume of moist air.
humidity assoluta Absoluta absoluta
Accelerant Accélérateur Accelerante Acelerante Acelerante Material used to initiate or increase the spread of a fire.
This will often be an ignitable liquid.
Access Accès Accesso Acesso Acceso A point of entry, exit and / or route to an incident location.
Accident Accident Incidente Acidente Accidente An unexpected and undesirable event that causes injury or
illness to a person or persons and / or damage to property
or the environment.
Accident Enquête sur Indagini Investigação Investigacion The process of determining the circumstances and cause(s)
investigation l’accident sull’incidente de acidente de un of an accident or near miss incident. The seriousness of the
accidente accident or near miss incident will usually dictate the level
of investigation required.
Accident Rapport Rapporto Relatório de Informe de A document which records the circumstances and causes of
report d’accident sull’incidente acidente accidente an accident or near miss incident. The primary purpose
of accident reporting is to identify measures that can
be taken to reduce the likelihood of recurrence. In some
circumstances an organisation may have a legal obligation
to complete and submit an accident report to a relevant
authority.
Accountability Responsabilité Responsabilità Responsabilidade Responsabilidad The obligation of an individual or an organization to justify
its actions and to accept responsibility concerning the
decisions that were made which determined its actions.
Accountability cannot be delegated.
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Advancing fire Feu en Avanzamento Frente Avance del This is fire progression associated with the head (front) of
progression dell’incendio principal fuego the fire. Fire behaviour in this area is usually characterized
do incêndio/ by more intense burning, increased flame height and length
fogo ativo em and more rapid rates of spread. It will usually occur when
progressão a fire burns with the support of one or more forces of
alignment (for instance, wind or slope).
Advection Advection Avvezione Advecção Advección The transfer of atmospheric properties by the horizontal
movement of air. Advection will usually involve the transfer
of warmer or cooler air, but it may also involve the transfer
of moisture.
Aerial attack Attaque Attacco aereo Combate aéreo Ataque aéreo Fire suppression operation involving the use of aircraft to
aérienne release water or retardant on or near a wildfire. An aerial
attack can be: Direct attack - Release of water or fire
retardant from the air onto burning areas of a fire from
the air. Indirect attack - Release of fire retardant from the
air on areas of fuel that are not burning in order to create
a control line. Flank attack – An aerial attack along a flank
or simultaneously along both flanks of a wildfire. Parallel
attack – The release of retardant from the air to form a
control line approximately parallel to and some distance
away from the fire edge.
Aerial Coordination Coordinamento Coordenação Coordinación The management of aerial operations at a wildfire incident.
coordination aérienne aereo Aérea de medios This role always has two key aims: To protect the safety
aéreos of all aircraft and suppression personnel on the ground. To
optimise the efficiency of all aerial resources.
Aerial Coordinateur Coordinatore Coordenador Coordinador The pilot or officer appointed to carry out the task
Coordinator aérien aereo Aéreo de Medios of air coordination. The Aerial Coordinator will usually
Aéreos have authority over all aerial resources involved in aerial
operations at the incident.
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Aerial Détection Avvistamento Deteção aérea Detección The act or process of discovering, locating and reporting
detection aérienne aereo aérea wildfire incidents from aircraft. Aerial detection can be:
Planned – where an agency mobilizes aircraft with aerial
observers for the specific purpose of detecting wildfires;
Unplanned – where an aircraft not specifically hired
or mobilised to detect wildfires reports a wildfire to a
responsible agency. For example, unplanned aerial detection
may come from passenger airplanes or other leisure aircraft.
Aerial fuels Combustible Combustibile Combustı́veis Combustible Any fuel found at a height of more than 3.5 metres above
aérien aereo aéreos aéreo the ground surface.
Aerial ignition Dispositif Dispositivo Dispositivo de Dispositivo de Inclusive term applied to equipment designed to ignite fuels
device d’allumage di accensione ignição aérea ignición aérea from an aircraft. Examples of aerial ignition devices include:
aérien dall’aria Delayed aerial ignition device (DAID) – An incendiary
device dropped from an aircraft which will ignite after
a predetermined amount of time. The delayed ignition is
usually achieved through the production of a chemical
reaction which is initiated prior to or during the drop.
Helitorch - An aerial ignition device hung from a helicopter
which disperses ignited gelled gasoline.
Aerial observer Observatuer Osservatore Observador Vigilante aéreo A person flying in an aircraft who is tasked with:
aérien aereo aéreo discovering, locating, and reporting wildfires and forest fires
from an aircraft; and / or, aerial reconnaissance.
Aerial Opérations Operazioni Operações Operaciones Any manoeuvre completed by an aircraft in support of
operations aériennes aeree aéreas aéreas wildfire suppression activities, inclusive of: direct attack
through release of water or retardant indirect attack
through release of retardant transport of equipment and
supplies cargo drops of supplies aerial reconnaissance rescue
missions
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Aerial Officier aéro - Oficial de - The officer appointed to carry out duties at the command
operations Operações post related with air operations.
specialist Aéreas
(OPAR)
Aerial Reconnaissance Ricognizione Reconhecimento Reconocimiento Use of aircraft for conducting preliminary surveys of
reconnaissance aérienne aerea aéreo aéreo a wildfire to gather information on: fire behaviour
topography and fuel types potential hazards and high risk
areas potential windows of opportunity safety of ground
personnel
The information gathered from aerial reconnaissance will be
communicated to the Incident Commander to assist him/
her to make effective decisions regarding a suppression plan.
Aerial Ressources Risorse aeree Recursos Medios aéreos Aircraft, including helicopters, aeroplanes and drones,
resources aériennes aéreos which can be used to attack the fire or observe its
development. This term is also inclusive of supporting
personnel and equipment.
Aerial support Groupe Gruppo di Grupo de Grupo de A group or organisation responsible for providing personnel,
group d’appui aérien supporto per suporte para apoyo aéreo equipment and welfare facilities and supplies in support of
le operazioni as oprações aerial operations.
aeree aéreas /grupo
de apoio aéreo
Afforestation Reboisement Imboschimento Florestação / Repoblación Establishment of forest through planting and / or deliberate
/ reflorestação/ forestal seeding on land that, until then, was not classified as forest.
Rimboschimento repovoamento Afforestation may be used as an erosion control measure on
florestal land that has been effected by wildfire.
Aggregation Agrégation Aggregazione Agregação / - The grouping together of individual entities with similar
Agrupamento characteristics to form one larger entity. For example,
grouping together small area units to form larger ones.
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Air mass Masse d’air Massa d’aria Massa de ar Masa de aire An extensive body of air with relatively uniform horizontal
levels of temperature, humidity, and pressure.
Air Traffic Contrôle du Controllo del Controlo de Control de An organization that determines the altitude, speed, and
Control (ATC) trafic aérien traffico aereo trafego aéreo tráfico aéreo flight routes of aircraft flying within a given airspace. The
(ATC) primary functions of Air Traffic Control are to: - monitor
warning systems and prevent collisions; - organize flow of
air traffic on the ground and through the air; - monitor
radio transmissions and provide information and support
to pilots.
Aircraft Aéronef Aeromobile Aeronave Aeronaves A means of transport capable of flying around the Earth’s
atmosphere. Aircraft are commonly deployed at wildfire
incidents to perform a number of roles, including: - aerial
coordination; - aerial observation; - aerial reconnaissance;
- the release of water and retardant; - transportation of
personnel, equipment, water and retardant.
Airspace Espace aérien Spazio aereo Espaço aéreo Espacio aéreo Any specified three-dimensional area of the atmosphere.
Airspace is usually managed by the Air Traffic Control of
the Country situated immediately below.
Alidade Alidade Alidada Alidade Alidada A sighting device used to determine the horizontal bearing
of a fire from an observation point.
All-Terrain Véhicule tout Veicoli per Veı́culo todo o Quad Any motorised vehicle designed to travel on four low
Vehicle (ATV) terrain (ATV tutti i terreni terreno - Moto pressure tires on unpaved surfaces, having a seat designed
ou quad) (ATV) 4 to be straddled by the operator and handlebars for steering
control. ATVs can be classified into two categories: - Type
I – designed for transporting one operator. - Type II –
designed for transporting one operator and one passenger.
Alphanumeric Alpha Alfanumerico Alfanumérico Alfanumérico Information using both letters and numbers
numérique
Altitude Altitude Altitudine Altitude Altitud Vertical distance between sea level and an aircraft in flight.
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Amphibious Véhicule Veicolo anfibio Veı́culo anfı́bio Vehı́culo A vehicle capable of travelling over both land and water.
vehicle amphibie anfibio
Anaphylaxis Anaphylaxis Anafilassi Anafilaxia Anafilaxia A severe and potentially life threatening allergic reaction
that can affect many systems within the body, including: -
Airways - Breathing - Circulation of the blood
The most common triggers of anaphylaxis are insect stings,
certain types of food and certain types of medication.
Anaphylaxis should always be treated as a medical
emergency.
Anchor point Point Punto di Ponto de Punto de An advantageous location, usually a barrier to fire spread,
d’ancrage ancoraggio ancoragem anclaje from which to begin constructing a control line. An anchor
point is essential when constructing a control line because
it will ensure that the control line is completely closed and
that the fire cannot breakout of the area of containment.
The creation of an anchor point is sometimes a key element
included within the LACES safety protocol.
Anemometer Anémomètre Anemometro Anemómetro Anemómetro An instrument that measures wind speed.
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Angle of char Angle des Angolo di Ângulo dos Indicadores The angle at which standing fuels (such as trees or fence
indicators indicateurs de bruciatura / indicadores de de ángulo de poles) are burned. Angle of char is an indicator of the
carbonisation annerimento carbonização carbonización direction of fire spread. The angle that the fuel is burned
will depend upon whether the fire burned with or without
the support of one or more factors of alignment.
The table below provides a summary of the characteristic
angles of char produced by a fire burning with or without
the support of the slope and wind:
Direction of Wind Angle of Char
fire spread direction
Upslope Upslope Greater than the
angle of the slope
Downslope Upslope Parallel to the
angle of the slope
Downslope Downslope Greater on the
downslope side of
the fuel
Upslope Downslope Parallel to the
angle of the
slope, with some
additional damage
to the fuel on the
upslope side
Anti-knot - - - Contenedor A shaped container with perforated base which is designed
container antirreviramiento to produce plants with natural root systems that avoid root
knots.
Approach Trajectoire Traiettoria di Trajetória de Trayectoria de The trajectory that a pilot will fly in order to advance upon
trajectory d’approche avvicinamento aproximação aproximación a destination to carry out a release, landing or other aerial
manoeuvre.
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Arable crops Cultures Seminativo Seara Cultivos Cultivated grassland. Arable crops can have a much higher
arables herbáceos fuel loading than natural grassland and are commonly
characterised by uniformity in both vertical and horizontal
fuel arrangement.
Area ignition Air d’ignition Area di innesco Área de Ignición Ignition of several individual fires throughout an area,
ignição simultánea either simultaneously or in rapid succession, and so spaced
that they add to and influence the main body of the fire to
produce a hot, fast-spreading fire condition.
Area of origin Zone d’origine Zona d’orgine Área de inı́cio Zona de origen General geographical location within a fire scene where the
del incendio point of ignition is believed to be located.
Arson Incendie Incendio Incêndio Incendio The wilful or malicious burning of a fuel with criminal
criminel doloso doloso provocado intent to cause damage.
Artificial Regénération Rinnovazione Regeneração Regeneración Regeneration with seeds that are sown or planted by
regeneration artificielle artificiale artificial artificial humans.
Aspect Aspect Esposizione Exposição Exposición The direction a slope faces in relation to the sun or
solare solar solar the alignment or non-alignment of the landscape to solar
radiation.
Aspect - Esposizione Exposição das Orientación The direction a slope faces in relation Cardinal Points (N
encostas – E – S – W).
Asphyxia Asphyxie Asfissia Asfixia Asfixia A serious medical condition which leads to loss of
consciousness or death. It is caused by an extreme decrease
in the concentration of oxygen and an associated increase
in the concentration of carbon dioxide within the body.
Some common causes of asphyxia include: inhalation of
toxic gases; choking; drowning; and, electric shock.
Assigned Ressources Risorse Recursos Recursos Resources that have been allocated work tasks at a wildfire
resources affectées assegnate atribuı́dos asignados incident.
Assignment Renfort Incarico Atribuição Asignación A task allocated to an individual or team to complete.
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Assisting Etat Nazione di Paı́s que presta Paı́s donador Participating State offering and providing its modules/
Participating participant supporto assistência a teams and / or other capacities, including in-kind assistance
State à l’assistance uma operação
Atmosphere Atmosphère Atmosfera Atmosfera Atmósfera The air surrounding the earth. The atmosphere is divided
into a series of layers with different characteristics.
Atmospheric Inversion Inversione Inversão Inversión An atmospheric condition that occurs when temperature
inversion atmosphérique termica atmosférica térmica within a vertical layer of air increases with altitude,
resulting in a very stable atmosphere. The inhibition of
vertical motion in the atmosphere can allow the build-up
of fire-generated smoke pollution.
Atmospheric Pression Pressione Pressão Presión The force exerted by the weight of the atmosphere per unit
pressure atmosphérique atmosferica atmosférica atmosférica area.
Atmospheric Saturation Umidità di Saturação Saturación An atmospheric condition which is reached when air at a
saturation atmosphérique saturazione atmosférica atmosférica specific temperature contains all the water vapour it can
dell’atmosfera potentially hold. When saturation occurs, the process of
evaporation ceases. Saturated air can also be referred to as
100 % relative humidity.
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Atmospheric Stabilité atmosphérique
Stabilità Estabilidade Estabilidad The degree to which the vertical movement of air within
stability atmosferica atmosferica atmosférica the atmosphere is enhanced or suppressed. The stability
of the atmosphere can be classified in one of three ways:
- Stable atmosphere – An atmospheric condition that
occurs when temperature within a vertical layer of air
increases with altitude. A stable atmosphere will suppress
the vertical movement of air (i.e. convection) and is likely
to produce predictable fire behaviour. The inhibition of
vertical motion in the atmosphere can also cause a build-up
of fire-generated smoke pollution. - Neutral atmosphere –
A neutral atmosphere will neither enhance nor suppress
the vertical movement of air. - Unstable atmosphere –
An atmospheric condition that occurs when temperature
within a vertical layer of air decreases with altitude. An
unstable atmosphere will enhance and support the vertical
movement of air and is more likely to produce erratic,
unpredictable and extreme fire behaviour.
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Attack a fire Attaquer un Attacco al Combate a um Ataque a un A generic term for the various methods that can be used to
feu fuoco incêndio incendio suppress a fire or parts of a fire, including: - Direct attack
- An offensive fire suppression tactic which involves an
attack being made at or near the fires edge. This technique
normally relies on the use of hand tools and or water. -
Indirect attack - Any suppression methods implemented
away from the fire edge. - Aerial attack - Fire suppression
operation involving the use of aircraft to drop water or
retardant on or near a wildfire. - Flank attack - Attacking
the fire along the flank or both flanks simultaneously. -
Parallel attack - Method of fire suppression in which a
control line is constructed approximately parallel to and
some distance away from the fire edge.
Audible Avertisseur Dispositivo di Dispositivo de Dispositivo A signalling device which generates a loud siren to provide
warning device sonore avviso acustico aviso sonoro de alarma a warning sound. Audible warning devices are sometimes
acústica mounted to aircraft and are sounded by pilots to warn
suppression personnel on the ground that an aircraft is
approaching to make a release or cargo drop.
Authentication Preuve Autenticazione Autenticação Auntentificación The process by which a piece of evidence is proven to be
of evidence d’authentification delle prove de prova o verificación genuine.
de pruebas
Authorisation Autorisation Autorizzazione Autorização Autorización Explicit authorisation from the aerial coordinator to the
to release de largage allo sgancio para descarga de descarga pilot of a water bombing aircraft to release over a target.
The authorisation is usually expressed in the form of
the following statement: “You are authorised to release”.
Authorisation to release should only be given by the aerial
coordinator when ground personnel are clear of the target
area.
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Authority Authorité Competenza Autoridade Autoridad The legal right to attend and complete actions and
(atorizzazione) assignments at a wildfire incident. Within the context of
fire investigation, it is the legal right for an individual or
organisation to investigate a fire.
Automatic Détection Avvistamento Detecção Detección A wildfire detection device which operates by itself with
detection automatique automatico automática automática little or no direct human control.
Available fuels Combustible Combustibile Combustı́veis Combustible The proportion of the total fuel that would burn under
disponible bruciabile disponı́veis disponible specified burning and fuel conditions.
Available Ressources Risorse Recursos Recursos Resources which are present and ready for assignments at
resources disponibles disponibili disponı́veis disponibles a wildfire incident.
Average wind Direction Direzione Direção média Dirección The most frequent direction from which a wind blows at a
direction moyenne du media del do vento media del particular location over a specified period of time.
vent vento viento
Average wind Vitesse Velocità media Velocidade Velocidad The mean average wind speed at a particular location over
speed moyenne del vento média do media del a specified period of time.
du vent vento viento
Back bearing Relèvement Controazimut Orientação por Marcación A navigation technique which uses a compass to locate a
inversé bússola recı́proca person’s position on a map and / or the position of a visible
object or feature.
Backfire Contre-feu Controfuoco Contrafogo Contrafuego Planned and supervised burning that is done in order to
eliminate fuel and stop the advance of the fire front as part
of a firefighting plan. (See also .Operational burn”)
Backing fire Feu à contre Fuoco di coda Fogo de Fuego ”de A low intensity fire or part of a fire which burns against
courant retaguarda reculas” the forces of alignment. This will usually occur when a fire
(fogo contrário burns against the wind and / or down slope.
à máxima
propagação)
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Backing fire - - Fogo de Fuego de A segment of fire perimeter oriented opposite the direction
retaguarda retroceso of maximum spread.
(fogo contrário
à máxima
propagação)
Bare root Jeunes plants Semenzali a Plantas de raiz Plantas a raı́z Seedlings raised in the ground that are extracted and
seedlings de racines nues radice nuda nua desnuda transported without soil. Bare root seedlings are less costly
to produce than container seedlings and while they tend
to have a lower rate of recovery they do develop more
consistent root systems.
Barometer Baromètre Barometro Barómetro Barómetro An instrument used for measuring atmospheric pressure.
Barrier Barrière Barriera Barreira Barrera Any natural or artificial obstruction to fire spread. This is
normally an area devoid of fuel which is large enough in
size to prevent a fire passing through or over it.
Base map Carte de base Cartografia di Cartografia de Mapa de A map intended as a base onto which other information
(fond de carte) base base referencia is added, either as manual annotations, or digitally as new
map layers in a Geographic Information System (GIS). Base
maps usually include the grid coordinate system, roads,
settlements, rivers and any other topographic features
which will help users generate new useful information.
These features are used to help locate known but as yet
unmapped features such as fire hydrants, or interpreted
to produce new information such as relative fuel load or
accessibility.
Base of Zone de Base operativa Base de Base de Serves as the international response team’s site for
Operation bivouac Operações operaciones headquarters, communications hub, sleeping/ resting/
(BoO) eating areas, equipment stock set-up and refuge from the
elements while operational in a disaster affected country.
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Baseline Ligne de base Linee Linha de - A reference line that lies across a course of travel. Common
cartografiche referência examples of baselines include roads, footpaths, water
di base channels, fences, and any other similar linear features.
Baselines are helpful because they provide a large target
for which to aim. Navigators may identify a baseline and
then aim off when calculating their bearing. When they
reach the baseline they will then know which direction they
should walk along the baseline in order to reach their target
destination.
Bearing Relèvement Azimut/ Azimute Rumbo The horizontal direction to or from any point, usually
controazimut geográfico measured clockwise from true north, or some other
(verdadeiro ou reference point, through 360 degrees.
azimute)
Beater Batte à feu Flabello Batedor / Batefuegos A hand tool consisting of a large piece of rubber attached
Abafador to a long handle. Beaters are used to drag over and smother
flames from burning ground fuels.
Beaufort Scale Echelle de Scala Beaufort Escala de Escala A system for estimating wind speeds based on observation
Beaufort Beaufort Beaufort of visible wind effects. A series of descriptions of visible
wind effects upon land objects or sea surfaces is matched
with a corresponding series of wind speed ranges, each being
allocated a Beaufort number.
Bench terrace Banquette Terrazzamento Socalcos Terrazas / A group of terraces constructed at vertical and / or lateral
Bancales intervals across a slope, either along the contour (when
they may be level or sloping slightly outward or inward) or
across the contour (when they are known as graded bench
terraces).
Black area Zone noire Area bruciata Área ardida/ Zona negra / An area of fuel that is black in appearance because some
área queimada zona quemada or all of the fuel has been burnt.
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Blind area Zone cachée Zona cieca Zona cega/ Zona ciega An area in which neither the ground nor its vegetation can
Zona de be seen from an observation point.
Sombra
Body of water Plan d’eau Punto d’acqua Ponto de água Punto de agua Any natural or artificial body of water that can be used
(para meios (para medios by aircraft to extract water for suppression purposes.
aéreos) aéreos) Examples of sources of water that can be used by aircraft
to refill aircrafts’ buckets, tanks and holds include: lakes,
reservoirs, ponds, rivers and streams.
Bog Tourbière Torbiera Turfeira Turberas A permanently saturated area of spongy ground with
poor drainage. Bogs are usually found in upland areas
experiencing cool temperatures and high rainfall. Slow
decomposition of the plants found within bogs leads to the
formation of peat.
Boundary Limite Confine Fronteira Lı́mite The perimeter or limit of a pre-defined area. Boundaries are
usually indicated on a map by one or more lines of varying
styles.
Boxing Contourner Aggiramento Contorno de Rodear A range of techniques used by navigators to move around
obstacles l’obstacle ostacoli obstáculos obstáculos obstacles they encounter when walking on a bearing. Boxing
techniques allow the navigator to walk around an obstacle
and then return to their original path and bearing.
Breakout Saute de feu Salto della Fuga/ Escape Fuego The escape of a fire from an area of containment.
linea di (do fogo) escapado
controllo
Breeze Brise Brezza Brisa Brisa A gentle constant wind. The Beaufort Scale defines a breeze
as any wind with a speed of between 7 and 50 kilometres
per hour
Briefing Réunion Briefing Brı́fingue Sesión A meeting during which relevant information is exchanged.
(Briefing) informativa
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Brigade leader chef de groupe - Chefe de - Responsible for 2 or 3 teams / vehicles (brigade) that can
(2 or 3 trucks) brigada (2 ou operate as a unit or as part of a group
3 veı́culos)
Broadleaved Feuillus Latifoglie Folhosas Frondosas Trees that are characterised by their wide leaves, most of
trees (árvores folha which are deciduous.
larga)
Browser Explorateur Browser Browser Navegador A computer application which provides users with the
ability and tools (such as zoom and pan) to view map data.
Bucket Seau Benna Balde Bambi Specially designed bucket carried by a helicopter and used
for dropping water or retardants from the air.
Bucket release Largage de Apertura della Descarga com Descarga de The release of water or fire retardant from a specially
seau benna balde bambi designed bucket slung below a helicopter.
Buffer Tampon Buffer Buffer ou área Área o zona The specification of a zone on a map around a particular
tampão de influencia, point or feature. Buffers are commonly used to determine
alcance, radio proximity of particular features to one another.
de acción,
buffer
Bulldozer Bulldozer Apripista Máquinas de Bulldozer A heavy driver-operated vehicle which is used for clearing
rasto ground and for moving soil and debris. Dozers usually
have a broad blunt hydraulic blade at the front and
continuous treads for driving off-road. Dozers are used
in some countries for both direct and indirect attack at
wildfire incidents.
Burn brûlure (brûler Bruciare Queimar Quemar To be on fire.
/ brûlé)
Burn brûlure (brûler Bruciato Queimada Zona quemada An area of fuel consumed or partly consumed by a fire.
/ brûlé) (zona ardida)
Burn brûlure (brûler Ustione Queimadura Quemadura An injury to flesh caused by a cauterizing agent, heat from
/ brûlé) a fire, or a heated object.
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Burn brûlure (brûler Fuoco Queima Quema A managed fire (i.e. an operational burn or prescribed
/ brûlé) controllato burn).
Burn out Brûlage Controfuoco Fogo tático Quema de The intentional burning of parcels of fuel to prevent fire
(queima para ensanche spread. This is normally carried out to consume fuel
a redução do between a control line and the fire edge.
combustı́vel no
fogo tático)
Burn patterns Trace de Modelli di Padrões de Patrones de The characteristic configuration of char and other
brûlure diffusione queima/ carbonización fire direction indicators left by a fire. The accurate
dell’incendio padrões de interpretation of burn patterns can assist fire investigators
carbonização in identifying the origin of a fire.
Burn plan Plan de Progetto Plano de Plan de quema A pre-determined scheme or programme of activities which
brûlage di fuoco queima (controlada o is formulated in order to safely and effectively accomplish
prescritto prescrita) the objectives of a managed burn. A burn plan will outline
the selection of tactics, selection of resources, resource
assignments and how performance will be monitored during
a managed burn. It should be noted that a burn plan may
need to be dynamic to take into account any changes in
conditions or circumstances.
Burn severity Gravité de la Severità del Severidade Severidad del A qualitative assessment of the heat pulse directed toward
brûlure danno da queima/ fuego the ground during a fire. Burn severity relates to soil
severidade do heating, large fuel and duff consumption, consumption of
fogo the litter and organic layer beneath trees and isolated
shrubs, and mortality of buried plant parts.
Burn Superviseur Direttore delle Chefe de Jefe de quema A person who manages the actions, assignments and safety
supervisor des opérations operazione per queima of a burn team.
de brûlage l’uso del fuoco
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Burn team Equipe de Squadra Equipa de Brigada de A group of individuals with the collective competencies to
brûlage addeta all’uso queima quema safely and effectively carry out an operational burn.
del fuoco
Burned area - Area percorsa Área ardida - The burned area is the total area affected by a fire. It is
characterized by deposits of charcoal and ash, removal of
vegetation, and alteration of the vegetation structure.
Burning Conditions du Codizioni di Condições Condiciones de The state of the combined components of the fire
conditions feu propagazione de queima / combustibilidad environment that influence fire behaviour within available
condições de fuels. Burning conditions are usually specified according to
propagação/ the factors of aspect, weather, slope/ topography, and fuel
condições de type and load.
combustibilidade
Burning Période de Periodo di Perı́odo/ Perı́odo de The dates/ months of the year when land management
period brûlage abbruciamento Época de quema burning is legally permitted.
queima
Burning Règlement de Regole di Regulamentos Regulación del Rules and restrictions concerning the use of operational
regulations brûlage esecuzione del do uso do fogo uso del fuego burns as a fire suppression tactic.
controfuoco
Burnover Encerclement Restare Burnover Atrapamiento A situation where personnel or equipment are caught in an
intrappolati/ (aprisionamento por el fuego advancing flame front.
bruciare pelo fogo/
apanhados
pelo fogo)
Canopy Canopée Strato delle Copas / Dosel / The upper layer of aerial fuels which will contain the crowns
chiome Copado Cubierta of the tallest vegetation present (living or dead).
Canopy base Hauteur de Altezza di Base da altura Altura de la The lowest height above the ground above which there is
height base de la inserzione do copado/ do base del dosel sufficient canopy fuel to propagate fire vertically (Scott and
canopée delle chiome combustı́vel de de copas Reinhardt 2001).
copas
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Canopy bulk Densité de la Densità delle Densidade Densidad The mass of available canopy fuel per unit canopy volume.
density canopée chiome aparente das aparente del
copas dosel de copas
Cardinal Points Punti cardinali Pontos Punto cardinal The four principal points of a compass: North, South, East
direction cardinaux Cardeais and West.
Cargo Cargaison Carico Carga/ Carga Equipment or supplies that are carried by an aircraft.
Carregamento
Cargo chute Parachute Paracadute Paraquedas - A parachute designed and used for dropping equipment and
pour cargaison per de carga de supplies from an aircraft while in flight.
attrezzature suprimentos
Cargo drop Largage de Sgancio del Descarga aérea - Dropping of equipment or supplies, with or without a
cargaison carico parachute, from an aircraft in flight.
Carriageway Voie de Carreggiata Via de Calzada that portion of the road devoted particularly to the use of
circulation circulação vehicles, inclusive of shoulders and auxiliary lanes
/ Faixa de
rodagem
Cartography Cartographie Cartografia Cartografia Cartografı́a The study of maps and the practice of map making.
Catch trench Tranchée Cunetta di Vala Zanja de A small ditch constructed below a fire on sloping ground to
collectrice contenimento recogida catch burning material rolling down slope.
(fossetta)
Catchment Versant Bacino Bacia Zona de The area from which rainfall flows into a river, lake, or
area idrografico hidrográfica captación reservoir.
Cause of fire Cause du feu Cause di Causa de Causa del The sequence of events and actions that brings an ignition
incendio incêndio incendio source into contact with materials first ignited which leads
to sustained combustion. For statistical purposes, causes of
fire are usually grouped within a standard classification.
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Centre burn Brûlage Accensione Ignição Quema por An ignition technique where a fire or a number of fires are
central per punti pontual (fogo/ puntos ignited in the middle of an area of fuel. The intention of
(baricentrica) queima por a centre burn is to create a strong convection plume that
pontos) allows subsequent ignitions to be lit drawing the resulting
fires inwards, normally away from any existing control lines.
Certification of Certification Certificazione Certificação Certificación A legally sanctioned system for quality control of seed
Seed Origin d’origine des di origine del da origem de de origen de production.
graines seme sementes las semillas
Chain of Chaine de Catena di Cadeia de Cadena de The line of authority and responsibility along which
command commandement comando comando mando operational orders are passed. Also commonly referred to
as “line of command”.
Chain of Chaine de Catena di Cadeia de Cadena de A document that outlines the individuals who have had
custody traçabilité custodia custódia custodia possession and access to a piece of evidence from the time
it was seized through any transfers and laboratory analysis
to its disposition.
Chainsaw Tronçonneuse Motosega Motosserra Motosierra A portable mechanical saw which is commonly powered by
a two-stroke engine. Chainsaws are commonly used to fell
trees and to remove branches and foliage.
Char Substance Materiale Carvão Carbón Carbonaceous material formed by incomplete combustion
carbonisée carbonizzato of an organic material, such as wood or a shrub. It has a
blackened appearance.
Char height Hauteur de Altezza di Altura de Altura de la The vertical distance above the ground of the part of a tree
carbonisation scottatura carbonização carbonización or shrub that has been scorched or blackened by fire. Char
height can be used as an indicator of fire intensity.
Circumstantial Preuve Prova Prova Prueba Evidence that indirectly proves a fact through inference
evidence circonstancielle circostanziale circunstancial circunstancial and assumption. In the absence of direct evidence, an
accumulation of circumstantial evidence will usually be
required in order to corroborate evidence.
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Civil module de Modulo di Módulo de Módulo de A module built up and registered according to Commission
protection protection protezione proteção civil Proteccón Decision 2010/481/EU, Euratom
(CP) module civile civile (PC) Civil
Classification Classification Classificazione Classificação Clasificación A systematic arrangement of individual features into groups
or classes of features with similar characteristics. For
instance, designating a polygon feature on a map as a
building or a hospital.
Clean burn Brulis à blanc Combustione Combustão Quema de A fire that consumes all vegetation and litter above the
totale completa limpieza ground exposing the mineral soil.
(queima total)
Clearance of Dégagement Ripulitura Limpeza de Limpieza de The removal of vegetation, rocks and any other material
channels and de canaux et corsi d’acqua e canais e vales canales y valles that is or will in future restrict or prevent the flow of water
valleys de vallées valli through a channel or valley. Channels and valleys may be
cleared for a number of reasons, but for restoration after a
wildfire the main purpose is to prevent or reduce erosion.
Cliff Falaise Dirupo Escarpa Acantilado A vertical or near vertical rock face.
Cloud Nuage Nube Nuvem Nube A visible body of fine water droplets or ice particles
suspended within the atmosphere.
Cloud cover Couverture Copertura Nebolusidade Nubosidad The amount of sky obscured by cloud at a particular
nuageuse nuvolosa location. Cloud cover is expressed in eighths, where eight
eighths is used to describe complete cloud cover.
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Cloud types Types de Tipologia di Tipos de Tipos de nubes A visible body of fine water droplets or ice particles
nuages nubi nuvens suspended within the atmosphere. There are a significant
number of different types of clouds; however, there are
three key cloud types that are particularly important for
wildfire suppression activities because they can be used as
a visual indicator of atmospheric stability: - Stratus clouds
– low altitude clouds (below 6,000 feet) with a flat or sheet-
like appearance which develop within a stable layer of the
atmosphere. - Cumulus clouds – clouds with strong vertical
development (below 6,000 feet) which develop within an
unstable layer of the atmosphere. Cumulus clouds often
have a lumpy or piled up appearance. - Cumulonimbus
clouds – clouds with very strong vertical development
which develop within an unstable layer of the atmosphere.
The base of cumulonimbus clouds is near to ground
level and they can extend vertically beyond 50,000 feet.
Cumulonimbus clouds usually have a characteristic anvil
shape. - Fog – A cloud with its base on the ground surface.
Coarse fuels Combustible Combustibili Combustı́veis Combustibles Fuels that are more than 6mm in diameter. Due to their size
épais grossi grosseiros gruesos and shape they burn more slowly and ignite less readily
than finer fuels. Examples of coarse fuels include thick
stems, logs, and branches. Coarse fuels can either be living
or dead.
Coarse woody Débris ligneux Residui legnosi Resı́duos Grandes restos Coarse woody debris (CWD) refers to fallen dead trees and
debris grossiers grossolani lenhosos leñosos the remains of large branches on the ground in forests and
grosseiros in rivers or wetlands.
Combustibility Combustibilité Combustibilità Combustibilidade Combustibilidad Relative ease of fire spread within a fire environment.
Combustion Combustion Combustione Combustão Combustión The rapid oxidation of fuel in which heat and usually flame
are produced.
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Combustion Efficacité de Efficienza di Eficiência da Eficiencia de la A measure of the efficiency with which a fire consumes fuel.
efficiency combustion combustione combustão combustión
Combustion Taux de Tasso di Taxa de Índice de Rate of heat release per unit of burning area per unit of
rate combustion combustione combustão combustión time.
Command Commandement Comando Comando Mando The authority of an agency to direct and control resources.
Communication Canal de Canali di Canal de Canal de A medium used to send a data transmission from one or
channel communication comunicazione comunicação comunicación several senders (or transmitters) to one or several receivers.
Common examples of communication channels include:
copper wires, optical fibres and wireless communication
channels.
Communication Tour de Torre di Torre de Torre de A structure built to support equipment that transmits
tower communication comunicazione comunicação comunicaciones communication signals.
Compactness Compacité Compattezza Compactação Compactación Spacing between fuel particles influencing ignition and fire
/ porosidade behaviour.
Compass Boussole Bussola Bússola Brújula An instrument used for navigation and orientation. A
compass consists of a mounted or suspended magnetic
needle which points to Magnetic North.
Compass rose Rose des vents Rosa dei venti Rosa dos Rosa de los A circular symbol indicating the direction of True and /
ventos vientos or Magnetic North which is found printed on maps and
sometimes on the ground at an airport or heliport.
Competency Compétence Competenza Competência Competencia When a person has the authority and sufficient technical
knowledge, training and experience to carry out their
assigned tasks safely and effectively.
Condensation Condensation Condensazione Condensação Condensación The process by which a gas is transformed to a liquid.
Condition of Etat de la Condizioni Condição/ Estado de la Stage of growth or degree of flammability of vegetation that
vegetation végétation della estado da vegetación forms part of a fuel complex. This will be dependent upon
vegetazione vegetação time of year, amount of curing and weather conditions.
Conduction Conduction Conduzione Condução Conducción The transfer of thermal energy by direct contact.
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Conflation Amalgame Sovrapposizione Sobreposição Superposición The process of matching and merging together two maps
di strati de capas de of the same area. The process may involve matching
informativi información and merging maps from different time periods or maps
presenting different thematic information.
Confluence Confluence Nodo idrico Confluência Confluencia The location where two streams or rivers meet.
(confluenza)
Coniferous Conifères Conifere Conı́feras Conı́feras Coniferous trees are characterised by their needle- or scale-
trees like leaves. Most conifers are evergreen.
Container Jeunes plants Contenitore Contentor de Planta en Seedling raised in soilless rigid container that can be re-
seedling en pot per semensali sementeira contenedor potted during the culture period. Container seedlings are
usually more expensive than other types of seedlings but
they tend to have better recovery rates.
Containment Confinement Contenimento Contenção/ Contención An area of a fire where control has been established and no
confinamento breakout is anticipated.
Contingency Plan d’urgence Piano di Plano de Plan de A pre-prepared alternative plan which can be implemented
Plan emergenza contigência contingencia if circumstances change.
Contour index Courbes Direttrici Curva de nı́vel Curvas de nivel Contour lines accompanied by a numerical value indicating
lines directricess mestra directoras elevation. Index contours are usually shown on a map as
a thicker line to distinguish them from standard contour
lines.
Contour Equidistance Equidistanza Equidistância Intervalo de The difference in elevation between two neighbouring
interval curvas de nivel contour lines.
Contour line Courbe de Curva di livello Curva de nı́vel Curva de nivel A line on a map connecting points of equal elevation.
niveau
Contour Modèle de Modello di Modelo/ Composición The arrangement of contours on an area of a map. Accurate
pattern contours distribuzione Padrão das de curvas de interpretation of contour patterns on a map can enable
delle isoipse curvas de nı́vel nivel navigators to identify types of topographical features.
27
Contour Espacement Distanza tra Distância Separación The relative gap between contours indicates gradient and
spacing des courbes curve di livello entre curvas entre curvas de severity of slope. Contour lines shown relatively close
de nı́vel/ nivel together indicate the presence of steeper slopes, while the
Espaçamento opposite is true of contours shown further apart.
entre curvas de
nı́vel
Contour value Valeur de la Valore della Valor da curva Valor de la A height printed on or immediately next to a contour line.
courbe curva di livello de nı́vel (cota) curva de nivel For ease of reference, contour values often read upslope.
Contouring Suivi de Seguire le Contorno Contornear Planning and walking a route which follows the path of
courbe de curve di livello contour lines. This approach can often be safer than walking
niveau a route which intersects contour lines, particularly in rough
terrain or during severe weather conditions.
Control centre Centre de Centro di Centro de Centro de A building or facility dedicated to the coordination of
contrôle controllo Controlo coordinación particular activities.
Control line Ligne de Linea di Linha de Lı́nea de An inclusive term for all constructed or natural barriers and
contrôle controllo controlo control treated fire edges used to control a fire.
Control points Points de Punti di Ponto de Puntos de A predefined point in time or location when/ where an
contrôle controllo controlo control aircraft will transmit a report to the Aerial Coordinator.
Controlled Incendie Incendio Incêndio Fuego A fire with a secure perimeter, where no breakouts are
Fire contrôlé controllato Dominado controlado anticipated.
(controlado)
Convection Convection Convezione Convecção Convección The transfer of heat by the movement of a gas or liquid.
In meteorology, convection is the predominantly vertical
movement of warmed air. Convection at a wildfire incident
can lead to spotting.
Convection Colonne de Colonna Coluna de Columna de A rising column of pre-heated smoke, ash, particles and
column convection convettiva convecção convección other debris produced by a fire.
o columna
convectiva
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Convection- Feu Incendio Fogo Incendio A fire that is spread predominantly by the intensity of the
driven fire stimulé par convettivo conduzido propagado por convection column.
convection pela convecção convección
Conversion Brûlage de Fuoco Queima de Quema de A type of prescribed burn which involves the deliberate use
burning conversion prescritto conversão conversión of fire to eliminate unwanted species that have appeared
di conversione through natural regeneration. The ultimate purpose of
conversion burning is usually to prepare an area for planting
or to introduce different species.
Cool fire Feu ”froid” Fuoco di bassa Fogo frio Fuego de baja A low intensity fire or part of a fire.
intensità intensidad
Cooperating Organisme Agenzia di Agência Organismo Any organisation supplying resources to assist with the
agency chargé de la supporto cooperante colaborador implementation of a fire suppression plan. A cooperating
coopération agency differs from a partnership agency in the sense that
it only comes to the assistance of a suppression agency when
a wildfire occurs.
Coordinate Transformation Trasformazione Transformação Transformación The process of converting a map from one coordinate
transformation de coordonnées delle de de system to another, often through the use of computer
coordinate coordenadas coordenadas programmes.
Coordinates Coordonnées Coordinate Coordenadas Coordenadas Alphanumeric characters that are used to describe the
precise geographic location of a point on the earth’s surface.
Coppicing Taillage Ceduazione Talhadia Recepe A restoration technique for broadleaved woods or forests
post incendio (brotação) which involves cutting trees (or what is left of them) after
a wildfire near to ground level to encourage new shoots and
the formation of a clump of several stems.
Corroborating Preuve Prova di Prova de Pruebas de Evidence that supports a theory which has been formulated
evidence corroborante conferma corroboração corroboración based on the discovery and analysis of other evidence.
Counter burn Contre-brûlage Fuoco di Contrafogo Contrafuego A planned operational burn which is lit between a control
chiusura auxiliar line and an advancing wildfire to take advantage of indrafts
towards the fire front.
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Coupling Raccord Raccordo Uniões Racor / An accessory used for connecting multiple hoses and
manguito / pipes together. Some couplings are designed to specifically
acoplamiento connect hoses and pipes which are incompatible with one
another due to different diameters, threads or genders.
Names of common types of coupling include: reducer,
increaser, female, male, double female, double female, storz,
wye, siamese, and distributor.
Creeping fire Feu rampant Incendio Fogo de Fuego rastrero A slow burning fire with low flame activity. This type of
radente superfı́cie fire may occur due to the condition of vegetation, fuel type
(fogo rasteiro) or because a fire is burning out of alignment.
Crew Equipage Squadra Equipa Cuadrilla o During the time of greatest risk of forest fires, the Junta de
brigada Castilla y León has crews of forest workers throughout the
regional territory in order to extinguish any forest fires that
may arise. There are mainly two types of crews: • Land
crews, who carry out preventive work in forest areas and
move to fires in all-terrain vehicles to act in their extinction.
• Helicopter crews, which are mobilized as soon as there
is smoke and access by helicopter. They are called ELIF
(Integral Fire Fighting Equipment).
Crew leader Chef Capo squadra Chefe de Jefe de The crew leader is the head and coordinator of the work
d’équipage Equipa cuadrilla o team or crew that ensures their safety and effectiveness in
de brigada the work of forest fire prevention and extinction.
Crew member Membre Membro della Membro da Trabajador de Member of the crew that performs the tasks entrusted
d’équipage squadra Equipa cuadrilla o de to him by the crew leader and must take care of the
brigada responsibilities assigned to him by the rest of the crew:
surveillance, communication, safety distances, job review,
etc.
30
Critical mass Débit de masse Flusso di Taxa de fluxo Flujo de masa Critical quantity of fuel consumed per unit time required
flow rate critique massa critica de massa crı́tico for flame maintenance in canopy fire
crı́tica
Critical point Point critique Punto critico Ponto crı́tico Punto crı́tico A point in time or space when/ where there will be a
significant influence on fire spread, rate of spread and /
or fire intensity.
Critical rate of Taux critique Velocità di Velocidade de Velocidad de Rate of spread at which crowning begins
spread de propagation avanzamento propagação propagación
critica crı́tica crı́tica
Critical Intensité critique Intensità Intensidade Intensidad Value of fire intensity that must be exceeded for crowning
Surface de la surface critica crı́tica de crı́tica de to occur. The higher the canopy base height, the higher the
Intensity superfı́cie superficie Critical surface intensity.
Crown Cime Chioma Copa Copa The crown of a woody plant (tree, shrub, liana) is the
branches, leaves, and reproductive structures extending
from the trunk or main stems. Shapes of crowns are highly
variable.
Crown base Hauteur de Altezza di Altura da base Altura de la The lowest height above the ground on an individual tree
height base de cime inserzione da copa base de la copa above which there is sufficient canopy fuel to propagate fire
della chioma vertically.
Crown bulk Densité de Densità della Massa Densidad The mass of available canopy fuel per unit crown volume
density cime chioma volúmica aparente de
da copa copa
31
Crown Fire / Feu de Incendio di Incêndio de Incendio de When a fire burns freely in the upper foliage of trees and
Crowning cime (de chioma copas copas shrubs. There are three different types of crown fires: -
couronne ou Active Crown Fire – A fire that advances as a wall of
de houppier) flame engulfing all surface and aerial fuels. - Independent
Crown Fire - A fire that advances through aerial fuels only.
- Intermittent Crown Fire - A surface fire involving torching
behaviour but without sustained crowning activity. Rate of
spread is controlled by the surface fire.
Crown kill Mort de la Chioma Mortalidade Copa quemada The proportion of limbs, buds, and foliage within the
cime bruciata da copa/ copa canopy vegetation that has been killed and consumed by
queimada a wildfire.
Crown scorch Roussissement Scottature Queima Soflamado de Browning of needles or leaves in the crown of a tree or
de la cime della chioma da copa/ copas shrub due to burning which has killed but not consumed the
Dissecação da vegetation. Crown scorch may not be visible immediately
copa and it may take several days or weeks after the fire for it
to become apparent.
Crowning Index Indice di Índice de Índice de The open wind speed above which an active crown fire is
index passaggio in propagação coronación possible for the specified fire environment.
chioma nas copas
Culvert Conduit Canale di scolo Conduta Paso de agua one or more adjacent pipes or enclosed channels for
(di drenaggio) conveying a watercourse or stream below formation level
Cupping Indicateurs Indicatori di Indicadores Indicadores de A concave or cup-shaped char pattern found on the ends
indicators en forme de direzione côncavos seccionamiento of grass stems, small stumps and the limbs of shrubs and
coupelle trees. Grass stems, stumps, limbs and / or twigs that face
the oncoming fire will usually be blunt or rounded, while
those facing away from it will usually have sharply pointed
or tapered ends. Therefore, cupping indicators can be used
as a directional indicator.
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Curing Assèchement Disseccamento Dessecação Agostamiento A process that leads to the reduction in moisture content
of dead vegetation. This usually causes the vegetation to
turn brown in appearance.
Curling Indicateurs de Arricciamento Indicadores de Indicadores de Curling occurs when green leaves curl or fold in the
indicators courbure enrolamento rizado direction that a fire came from. Curling will usually occur
during a slower moving, less intense wildfire or part of a
wildfire.
Daisy chains Connexion en Formazione in Cadeia de Carrusel A daisy chain is an informal “follow the leader” pattern for
série serie (mezzi Daisy aircraft. To maintain a daisy chain, pilots need to adopt a
aerei) common flight path.
Dam Barrage Sbarramento Barragem/ Dique o presa A structure built across a valley to reduce the movement
(Briglia) Dique/ of soil to the valley below. Dams can be constructed using
Terraço wood, masonry, or stones held together using wire mesh.
Damping-off Fonte des Mal del Amortecimento Marras de A plant disease which causes a lesion at or near the soil
semis colletto origen fúngico line which prevents a seedling from growing above the soil
(Damping-off) or which causes a newly emerged seedling to fall over.
Data Données Dati Dados Datos Items of information represented in a formalised manner
which are suitable for processing and interpretation.
Data quality Qualité des Qualità dei Qualidade dos Calidad de los An assessment of the completeness and reliability of a
données dati dados datos dataset and its suitability for a particular purpose.
Data record Enregistrement Record Registo de Registro de A set of related data fields that are grouped together for
de données dados datos processing.
Data Transmission Trasmissione Transmissão Trasmisión The physical transfer of data via a communication channel.
transmission de données dati de dados de datos /
transferencia
de datos
Database Base de Database Base de dados Base de datos A management system for one or more datasets.
données
33
Dataset Ensemble de Dataset Conjunto de Conjunto de A collection of related data records which are managed as
données dados datos a subset of data within a database.
Datum Données Datum Datum Datum / The term datum can be used within two different contexts
Datum de and thus has two meanings:
referencia (1) Within the context of cartography and map reading,
y Dato (2) a datum is a known position from which all height
information is relatively measured. Datum is also the
singular form of data. Within this context it is used to refer
to a single item of information.
Dead fuels Combustible Combustibile Combustı́veis Combustibles Fuels with no living tissue. The moisture content of dead
mort morto mortos muertos fuels is mostly controlled by external weather conditions,
for instance, relative humidity, precipitation, temperature,
and solar radiation.
Debris Débris Residui Detritos Rastrojos / Dead and dying fuel, consisting of both fine and coarse fuels,
residuos and inclusive of twigs and any vegetation. Debris is usually
found lying on the ground but can also be found at various
levels within the vertical arrangement of fuels.
Deciduous Arbres feuillus Alberi decidui Árvores Árboles de Trees with broad, flat leaves which are shed annually during
trees caducifólias hoja caduca the autumn. These trees will usually remain bare during the
(caducifolios) winter months, with leaf growth restarting in the Spring.
Deductive Raisonnement Ragionamento Raciocı́nio Razonamiento The process by which conclusions are drawn by logical
reasoning déductif deduttivo dedutivo deductivo inference from given premises.
Deep-seated Feu en Incendio Incêndio Fuego An established ground fire burning 0.5 metres or more
fire profondeur sotterraneo Subterrâneo subterráneo below the surface. This type of ground fire is particularly
challenging to extinguish.
Defensible fuel Zone défensive Zona a bassa Zona de perfil Área con An area where fuel has been treated to reduce surface fuel
profile zone densità di de combustı́vel tratamiento loads, increase the canopy base height, or decrease canopy
combustibile defensı́vel preventivo del bulk density.
combustible
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Degree of Degré du Livello di Grau de dano Grado o nivel The amount of fuel that is burned and consumed by a
damage dommage danno de daño wildfire. The degree of damage sustained by a fuel can be
interpreted as an indicator of a wildfire’s intensity, duration
and direction. The side of a fuel that faces an oncoming
wildfire will usually exhibit the greatest degree of damage.
Dehydration Déshydratation Disidratazione Desidratação Deshidratación A medical condition resulting from the loss of excessive
amounts of water/f luid from a person’s body. This
excessive loss of fluid can upset the delicate fluid-salt
balance which is required to maintain healthy cells and
tissue. Strenuous activity, excessive sweating and prolonged
exposure to heat are common causes of dehydration at
wildfire incidents.
Delayed aerial Dispositif Dispositivo Dispositivo Dispositivo de An incendiary device dropped from an aircraft which will
ignition device d’allumage aereo di de ignição ignición aérea ignite after a predetermined amount of time. The delayed
aérien à accensione aérea de efeito retardada ignition is usually achieved through the production of a
retardement ritardata retardado chemical reaction which is initiated prior to or during the
(DAID) drop.
Delegation Délégation Delegare Delegação/ Delegar To give responsibility to competent persons to complete
Delegar (delegación) assignments and / or to make decisions.
Demobilization Démobilisation Smobilitazione Desmobilização Desmovilización To direct resources to return to their normal base.
Demographic Données Dati Dados Datos Statistical data on human populations.
data démographiques demografici demográficos demográficos
Deployment Zone de - Zona de Zona de An area where fire shelters must be deployed to ensure
zone déploiement armação despliegue firefighter survival due to the available space and / or fire
behavior conditions at the location
35
Depth of burn Profondeur de Profondità di Profundidade Severidad de la The vertical reduction in surface and ground fuels due to
combustion combustione de queima quema consumption by fire.
(riferito al
combustibile
di terra)
Depth of char Profondeur des Indicatori di Indicadores da Indicadores When a wildfire partially burns a fuel and changes the fuel’s
indicators indicateurs de profondità di profundidade de la appearance to look fissured or scaly, similar to an alligator’s
brûlure carbonizzazione de profundidad de or crocodile’s hide. In the case of a uniform fuel, char
carbonização carbonización depth will be deeper on the side of the fuel which faces an
advancing wildfire. Depth of char is strictly a comparative
indicator, so absolute depth is of little consequence.
Desorption Désorption Desorbimento Dessorção Desorción The process by which dead plant material loses moisture to
the atmosphere.
Detection Détection Avvistamento Detecção Detección The act or process of discovering, locating and reporting
wildfire incidents.
Detention Etang de Bacino/ Bacia/depósito Depósito de A temporary storage basin for runoff water.
pond/basin détention / serbatoio de retenção retención
bassin temporaneo
Detonator Détonateur Detonatore Detonador Detonador A device used to set off an explosive charge.
Dew Rosée Rugiada Orvalho Rocı́o Moisture which collects in small droplets on the surface
of vegetation through the process of condensation. Dew
predominantly forms at night.
Dew point Point de rosée Punto di Ponto de Punto de rocı́o The temperature at which air must be cooled in order for
rugiada Orvalho atmospheric saturation to occur and, subsequently, for dew
to form. Dew point can therefore be used as a measure of
the moisture content of the air.
36
Die out Motifs Aree Áreas pouco Zonas sin Fingers or islands of unburned or less intensely burned
patterns d’extinction scarsamente queimadas quemar (isla) fuels. Die out patterns may be observed in areas where
bruciate o non ou não a fire entered a more sparsely arranged fuel or a fuel
percorse percorridas with greater moisture content. Die out patterns may be
(ilhas ou used as macro scale indicators to establish general fire
bolsas) direction. Investigators need to be wary not to mistake die
out patterns as areas of origin.
Digitising Numérisation Digitalizzazione Digitalização Digitalización The conversion of paper maps into digital format.
/ Digitalizar
Direct attack Attaque Attacco Ataque direto Ataque directo An offensive fire suppression tactic, which involves an
directe diretto attack being made at or near the fires edge. This technique
normally relies on the use of hand tools and or water.
Direct Preuve directe Prove dirette Prova direta/ Pruebas Evidence that directly proves a fact without any resort
evidence Evidência directas to inference or assumption. An example of direct evidence
direta would be an eye witness who observed an individual igniting
a fire.
Direct seeding Semis direct Semina diretta Sementeira Siembra The manual planting of seeds, wither randomly or along
direta directa lines of prepared soil.
Directional Indicateurs de Indicatori Indicadores de Indicadores de Physical marks or clues left on partially burned fuels and
indicators direction direzionali direção dirección non-combustible objects which can assist fire investigators
in determining the movement of a wildfire across an area of
land. By applying a systematic approach, fire investigators
can use directional indicators to retrace the path of the fire
to the point of origin.
37
Disengagement Plan de Piano di Plano de Plan de A predetermined list of actions to be enacted by a pilot of an
plan désengagement sicurezza e segurança e retirada aircraft in the event of unforeseen hazardous circumstances,
di emergenza de emergência including but not limited to: - Engine failure; - Sighting of
(relativo ai (relativo aos ground personnel within a drop zone; - Last minute change
mezzi aerei) meios aéreos) of tactics; - Failure of a tank, bucket or door to open during
/ plano de a drop.
retirada An escape plan should be devised for all water and
retardant releases and for all personnel and equipment
drops.
Disengagement Trajectoire de Rotta di Rota de Trayectoria de A pre-planned flight trajectory to be flown by an aircraft
trajectory désengagement emergenza emergência/ retirada in the event of unforeseen hazardous circumstances. A
trajetória de disengagement trajectory is an important part of a
retirada disengagement plan.
Disposition of Disposition de Fornitura delle Disposição de Destrucción de Disposal of evidence gathered from the scene of a wildfire.
evidence preuve prove provas pruebas
Dissipation Zone Cassa Área de Área de An area of land or a water basin which is created to receive a
area d’épandage d’espansione dissipação disipación dispersal of excess water (i.e. in times of flooding) to protect
other areas of land from inundation and water erosion.
Divert Déroutement Dirottare Desvio/ Desviar A change in assignment for an aircraft.
reempenhamento
Documentary Preuve Documento di Prova Prueba Any evidence gathered in documentary form for the
evidence documentaire prova documental documental purpose of a wildfire investigation. Although the term is
usually used to refer to evidence written on paper, it can
also include other types of media that record or preserve
evidence, such as film, photographs and tape recordings.
Drainage Système de Sistema di Sistema de Sistema de A naturally occurring or human-made network of channels
system drainage drenaggio drenagem drenaje which moves water across an area of land using the force of
gravity.
38
Drip torch Torche de Torcia (Drip Pinga-lume Antorcha de A hand tool used to drop flaming fuel onto the ground
brûlage Torch) goteo to intentionally ignite a fire as part of an operational or
prescribed burn.
Drone Drone Drone Drone Dron / An aerial vehicle without a human pilot on-board. The
Aeronave flight of the drone is controlled by on-board computers or
no tripulada via a radio control operator. Drones have multiple uses, but
are normally used for aerial reconnaissance at wildfires.
Drop zone Zone de Zona di lancio Zona de Zona de Specific location where personnel or equipment are to be
largage largada descenso dropped from an aircraft.
Drought Sècheresse Siccità Seca Sequı́a A prolonged period of abnormally low precipitation within
a particular area.
Duff Litière Strato Manta morta Mantillo A surface fuel consisting of partly or fully decomposed
organico florestal organic material lying on the mineral soil.
del suolo (apenas parte
superior desta
camada)
Dummy run Parcours de Volo in Descarga Pasada en A simulated run made on a target by an aircraft. A dummy
simulation bianco/ Simulada/ vacı́o run may be completed for singular or multiple purposes,
ricognizione Passagem a including: Indicating the desired flight trajectory and
seco target to other aircraft (cf. Identification run). Identifying
potential flight hazards. Completing test releases to check
for wind drift.
Dynamic risk Evaluation Valutazione Avaliação Evaluación The continuous process of identifying hazards, assessing
assessment dynamique du dinamica dei dinâmica de dinámica del risk, taking action to eliminate or reduce risk, monitoring
risque rischi risco riesgo and reviewing, in the rapidly changing circumstances of an
operational incident.
Early release Largage tardif Sgancio Descarga Descarga A release that lands before (or in front) of its target. In
anticipato antecipada precoz short, the pilot made the release too early.
39
Elevated fuels Combustible Combustibili Combustı́veis Combustibles Any fuel found at a height of 1.5-3.5 metres. The presence
en hauteur alti elevados elevados of elevated fuels will increase the risk of vertical fire spread
into aerial fuels and the canopy.
Elevation Elévation Altitudine Altitude Elevación Height above sea-level.
Encryption Cryptage Crittografia Encriptação/ Cifrado The process of converting data into code to prevent
Criptografia unauthorized individuals from being able to view the data.
Environmental Agent de - Agente do Agente Official agent of the authority belonging to the Public
agent l’environnement ambiente medioambiental Administrations that, in accordance with its own
(Guarda regulations and regardless of the specific corporate name,
Florestal, may have entrusted, among other functions, those of police
Vigilante da and custody of legal interests of a forest nature. In the
Natureza) suppression of forest fires, they perform tasks of incident
commander in the first attack and fire investigation, (Forest
ranger or Forest warden)
Erosion Erosion Erosione Erosão Erosión Transportation and partial or complete elimination of soil.
Erosion can be caused by three main forces: - Water erosion
– erosion caused by flowing water through surface runoff.
This type of erosion is usually of most concern when
restoring land after wildfires. - Wind erosion – erosion
caused by the wind. - Anthropogenic erosion – erosion
caused by humans repeatedly walking over an area of
ground.
Erosion Lutte contre Controllo Controlo de Control de la A collection of measures implemented to limit the loss of
control l’érosion dell’erosione erosão erosión soil under the action of water or another erosive agent (for
instance, wind or human action).
40
Escape plan Plan Piano di Plano de fuga Plan de escape A predetermined list of actions to be enacted in the event
d’évacuation emergenza of unforeseen hazardous circumstances (for instance, an
unexpected change in fire behaviour). An escape plan must
include an escape route. The development of an escape plan
is a key element of the LACES Safety Protocol.
Escape route Chemin Via di fuga Rota/ caminho Vı́a o ruta de A pre-planned route to be taken in the event of unforeseen
dévacuation de fuga escape hazardous circumstances (for instance, an unexpected
change in fire behaviour). An escape route is an important
part of an escape plan and is a key element of the LACES
Safety Protocol.
Estimated Arrivée au Tempo stimato Tempo Tiempo The predicted time that an aerial resource will reach a
Time of temps estimé di arrivo estimado estimado specified destination.
Arrival (ETA) (TSA) de chegada de llegada
(ETA)
Evacuation Evacuation Evacuazione Evacuação Evacuación The removal of people from dangerous or potentially
dangerous areas and their subsequent relocation to safe
areas.
Evaporation Evaporation Evaporazione Evaporação Evaporación The process by which a liquid or solid is transformed to a
gas/ vapour.
Evidence Preuve Prova Prova Prueba A fact or piece of information which proves or disproves a
hypothesis.
Excavator Pelleteuse Escavatore Escavadora Excavadora A piece of heavy driver-operated machinery which is used
for digging and moving soil and debris. Excavators are
commonly used for control line construction and for digging
out deep-seated ground fires during wildfire incidents. They
are also commonly used during restoration work.
Exit trajectory Trajectoire de Traiettoria di Trajetória de Trayectoria de The trajectory that a pilot will fly after completing a release
sortie uscita saı́da salida or other aerial manoeuvre.
41
Expert witness Expert Tecnico di Testemunho Perito A witness that is deemed by a trial court judge to have
ufficio (CTU) por perito sufficient knowledge, skill, or experience in a particular
profession or area of study that allows them to draw
inferences and form conclusions that an average layperson
could not.
Extinction Extinction Estinzione Extinção Extinción The ceasing of the combustion process, either naturally or
as a result of suppression activities.
Extreme fire Comportement Comportamento Comportamento Comportamiento Fire behaviour that becomes erratic or difficult to predict
behaviour extrême du feu estremo del extremo do extremo del due to its rate of spread and / or flame length. This type
fuoco fogo fuego of fire behaviour often influences it environment.
Factual Témoin factuel Testimone Testemunha Testigo de los A witness who provides evidence based on factual matters
witness oculare factual hechos that do not require the formulation of an opinion or
conclusion. An example of a factual witness would be an
individual who provides an account of what he/ she saw,
heard, smelled and / or did at a wildfire incident.
Fascines Fascines Palizzate o Faxinas Fajinas An erosion control method that attempts to bind the soil
fascinate by arranging tree trunks and / or branches across a slope/
valley.
Fertiliser Engrais Fertilizzante Fertilizante Fertilizante Any organic or inorganic material, natural or synthetic,
that is added to soil to offset a lack of elements essential to
plant growth or to improve soil productivity.
Final run Parcours final Traiettoria Final Pasada final The final trajectory of an aircraft towards its target. The
finale final trajectory may be straight or curved and will not
normally exceed one minute in duration.
Fine fuel Humidité du Umidità del Humidade dos Humedad del The moisture content of fast-drying fuels. Measurement of
moisture combustible combustibile combustı́veis combustible moisture content will indicate the relative ease of ignition
fin fine finos fino and flammability of a fine fuel.
42
Fine Fuels Combustible Combustibili Combustı́veis Combustibles Fast-drying dead fuels which are less than 6mm in diameter.
fin fini finos (mortos) finos Fine fuels ignite readily and are rapidly consumed by fire
when dry. Examples of fine fuels include: grass, leaves, ferns,
mosses, pine needles and small twigs. When dried, fine fuels
are referred to as flash fuels.
Fingers of fire Doights de feu Lingua Dedo Dedos de fuego An elongated burned area projecting from the main body of
dell’incendio o dedos de un the fire resulting in an irregular fire perimeter. The pattern
incendio on the ground may resemble fingers on a hand, hence the
name.
Fire Feu Fuoco Fogo Fuego Fire is the product of the chemical reaction of combustion.
The three factors of fuel, oxygen and heat must all be
present in the correct proportions for combustion to occur.
When the combustion process is initiated, heat and light
are emitted and a fire occurs.
Fire activity Activité du feu Attività Atividade do Actividad del Description of a fire based on an assessment of visible
dell’incendio incêndio fuego evidence, including the rate of spread, flame length, fire
severity, and fire behaviour.
Fire Adaptation au Capacità di Adaptação ao Adaptación al The capacity of an ecosystem, plant or animal species to
adaptation feu adattamento fogo fuego recover, react and / or evolve after the passage of a wildfire.
al fuoco
Fire analysis Analyse du feu Analisi Análise de Análisis de un Process of reviewing the behaviour and effects of a specific
dell’incendio Incêndio incendio fire or group of fires and / or the actions taken to suppress
it/ them.
Fire baseline Ligne de base Linea del Queima de Lı́nea de apoyo The initial line of fire ignited along a control line to contain
du feu controfuoco segurança/ o lı́nea base and control subsequent burn operations.
Faixa negra
43
Fire behaviour Comportement Comportamento Comportamento Comportamiento The reaction of a fire to the influences of fuel, weather, and
du feu del fuoco do fogo del fuego topography. Different types of fire behaviour include:
Smouldering fire - A fire burning without flame and with
minimal rate of spread. Creeping fire - A fire with a low rate
of spread and generally with a low flame length. Running
fire - A fire with a high rate of spread. Torching - A fire
that burns from the ground through the surface and aerial
fuels and into the crown of a single tree or small parcel
of trees. Spotting - fire behaviour where sparks and hot
burning embers are transported by the wind or convection
column to land beyond the fire perimeter resulting in spot
fires. Crowning – When a fire burns freely in the upper
foliage of trees and shrubs.
Fire behaviour Prévision du Previsione del Previsão do Pronóstico del A prediction of probable fire behaviour to be used to inform
forecast comportement comportamento Comportamento comportamiento fire suppression operations. Fire behaviour forecasts can be
du feu del fuoco do fogo del fuego used to maintain safety, as well as for other purposes.
Fire build up Accumulation Aumento di Aumento de Efecto de A sustained increase in fire intensity
intensità intensidade/ aceleración
efeito de
aceleração
Fire Concentration Frequenza Concentração Densidad de The number of fires per unit area during a specified time
concentration d’incendie degli incendi de incêndios incendios / period.
Concentración
de incendios
Fire damage Dégâts du feu Danno causato Dano de Daños por The loss that is caused by a fire. This loss will normally
dall’incendio incêndio fuego include financial costs, but will also include other direct
and indirect costs to the environment and society.
44
Fire danger Risque Pericolo Perigo de Peligro de A general term used to express an assessment of both fixed
d’incendie d’incendio incêndio incendio and variable factors of the fire environment that determine
the ease of ignition, rate of spread, difficulty of control, and
impact. Fire danger is often expressed as an index.
Fire danger Indice de Indice di Índice de Índice de A quantitative indicator of fire danger, expressed either in
index danger pericolo perigo de peligro de a relative sense or as an absolute measure. Fire danger
d’incendie incendi incêndio incendios indexes are often used to guide fire management activities.
Fire dependent Ecosystème Ecosistema Ecossistema Ecosistema An ecosystem which requires periodic fires in order to
ecosystem dépendant du dipendente dal dependente do dependiente maintain the character, diversity and vigour of its intrinsic
feu fuoco fogo del fuego plant and animal communities. A fire dependent ecosystem
will often be composed of pyrophile species.
Fire dependent Espèces Specie Espécies Especies Plant and animal species which require regular fires in
species dépendantes dipendenti dependentes dependientes order to trigger or facilitate regeneration mechanisms, or
du feu dal fuoco do fogo del fuego to regulate competition from other species. Without fires,
these species would become extinct.
Fire dynamics Dynamique du Dinamiche Dinâmica do Dinámica del The detailed study of how chemistry, fire science, and the
feu dell’incendio incêndio fuego engineering disciplines of fluid mechanics and heat transfer
interact to influence fire behaviour.
Fire ecology Ecologie du feu Ecologia del Ecologia do Ecologı́a del The study of the relationships and interactions between fire,
fuoco fogo fuego living organisms and the environment.
Fire edge Bord du feu Margine Linha de Borde del Used to refer to any section of the fire perimeter.
dell’incendio chamas incendio
Fire effects Effets du feu Effetti Efeitos do fogo Efectos del The physical, biological, and ecological impacts of fire on
dell’incendio fuego the environment.
Fire engine Véhicule Veicolo AIB Veı́culo de Autobomba All terrain truck with water tank
incendie combate
Fire engine Equipier - - Peón ayudante Person who helps the fire engine driver in the suppression
assistant de autobomba of fires, maintenance of fire engine, etc.
45
Fire engine Conduction Pilota di Motorista de Conductor de Driver of all terrain truck with water tank
driver de véhicule veicolo AIB veı́culo de autobomba
incendie combate
Fire Environnement Ambiente del Ambiente do Ambiente The surrounding conditions, influences, and modifying
environment de l’incendie fuoco fogo del fuego o forces of topography, fuel, and weather that determine fire
incendio behaviour, fire effects and impact.
Fire Extincteur Estintore Extintor de Extintor A portable piece of equipment containing water or
extinguisher incêndio chemicals which can be sprayed in order to extinguish a very
small fire. Fire extinguishers are not widely used at wildfire
incidents because they contain a very limited supply of
water/ chemicals.
Fire fighter Pompier Personale Bombeiro Trabajador de Any competent person deployed at a wildfire incident to
antincendio una unidad de undertake assignments that contribute to fire suppression
(personale extinción operations.
AIB)
46
Fire fighting Produits Estinguenti Produtos Agentes Substances that have the ability to prevent, reduce or
chemicals chimiques de chimici quı́micos para quı́micos inhibit combustion. They can be applied from the air or
lutte contre combate a from the ground and may be applied directly onto a fire
l’incendie incêndios or an area of unburned fuel. Common types of fire fighting
chemicals include: Foam – A mass of bubbles formed by
mixing specific proportions of air with water and a foam
concentrate. Foam can be applied in order to smother and
cool parts of a fire and / or to prevent ignition within a
fuel. Gels - Chemicals which are added to water to make it
thicken. When used as an extinguishing agent the mixture
is able to absorb more heat than water and sticks to the
surface of the fuel. Retardants – A group of chemicals that
are usually mixed with water which have the ability to
reduce or inhibit combustion either in the long or short
term: Long-term retardants - have the ability to reduce or
inhibit combustion even after the water that they contain
has evaporated. Short-term retardants – are primarily used
to inhibit combustion through the more immediate cooling
and / or smothering of a fire. Wetting agents – Chemicals
which, when added to water, decrease the surface tension
of the water and enable greater penetration into fuels.
Fire footprint Empreinte du Forma del Forma Forma del The outer shape of the fire perimeter at a given point in
feu perimetro incendio time. In the context of restoration, the fire footprint will be
the final extent of the perimeter.
Fire front Front de feu Fronte Frente de Frente del Any part of the fire perimeter that displays continuous
dell’incendio incêndio/ incendio flaming combustion.
Frente ativa
Fire growth Développement Sviluppo del Crescimento Evolución del The evolution of a fire from ignition to self-sustaining
du feu fuoco do incêndio incendio propagation and its movement through available fuels.
47
Fire hazard Risque Rischio Risco de Riesgo de Any situation, process, material or condition that can cause
d’incendie incendio incêndio incendio a wildfire or that can provide a ready fuel supply to
augment the spread or intensity of a wildfire, all of which
pose a threat to life, property or the environment.
Fire history Historique des Incendi storici Histórico de Historial de The reconstruction and interpretation of the chronology of
feux incêndios incendios wildfire occurrence and the causes and impacts of wildfires
within a specified area.
Fire intensity Intensité du Intensità Intensidade do Intensidad de The rate at which a fire releases energy in the form of heat
feu dell’incendio fogo fuego at a given location and at a specific point in time, expressed
as kilowatts per metre (kW/m) or kilojoules per meter per
second (kJ/m/s).
Fire Enquête Investifgazione Investigação Investigación The process of determining the origin, cause, and
investigation d’incendie degli incendi de incêndio de incendios development of a fire.
Fire Protocoles Protocolli Protocolos de Protocolos de A description of the recommended procedures and
investigation d’enquête d’investigazione investigação de investigación methodologies that should be adopted when completing a
protocols d’incendie degli incendi incêndio de incendios task or tasks during a fire investigation.
Fire Equipe Gruppo di Equipa de Equipo de A group of individuals from one or more organisations that
investigation d’enquête investigazione investigação de investigación has been tasked with investigating a wildfire incident.
team au cours d’un incendi incêndios de incendios
incendie
Fire Plan de gestion Piano di Plano Plan de gestión A plan detailing predetermined fire suppression strategies
Management des incendies gestione Estratégico (manejo) de and tactics to be implemented following the occurrence of
Plan dell’incendio de Ação incendios a wildfire within a particular area.
(PEA)
48
Fire model Modèle de feu Simulatore di Modelo Modelo de A computer program which will predict or reconstruct fire
propagazione de fogo/ fuego o behaviour and rate of spread of a fire from a point of ignition
dell’incendio Simulador de modelo de or area of origin.
fogo predicción de
comportamiento
del fuego
Fire patterns Profil du feu Evidenze Padrões de Formas del The visible or measureable physical changes and identifiable
fisiche di propagação incendio shapes left by a fire.
propagazione
del fuoco
Fire perimeter Périmètre du Perimetro Perı́metro de Perı́metro del The entire outer boundary of a fire.
feu dell’incendio incêndio incendio
Fire Plan Plan anti- Piano di Plano de fogo Plan de A plan detailing predetermined fire suppression strategies
incendie attacco incendios and tactics to be implemented following the occurrence of
a wildfire within a particular area.
Fire prediction Système de Sistema di Sistema de Sistema de A method or tool used to forecast future behaviour of a fire.
system prévision des previsione del previsão de predicción de Fire prediction systems are an important tool that can be
incendie fuoco incêndio incendios used to maintain safety.
Fire Prévention des Prevenzione Prevenção de Prevención de A collective term for all proactive activities that are
Prevention incendies incendi incêndios incendios implemented with the aim of reducing the occurrence,
severity and spread of wildfires.
Fire Prévention des Prevenzione Prevenção de Prevención de Set of actions aiming to manage fuel conditions thus
prevention incendies degli incendi incêndios incendios reducing fire hazard over a given territory, i.e. the level
of both ease of ignition and fire suppression difficulty.
Fire Plan de Piano Plano de Plan de A scheme or programme of activities which is formulated
Prevention prévention antincendio prevenção prevención in order to prevent wildfire incidents.
Plan des incendies boschivo contra de incendios
incêndios
49
Fire regime Régime des Regime del Regime do fogo Régimen de The pattern of fire occurrence, fire frequency, fire seasons,
feux fuoco incendios fire size, fire intensity, and fire type that is characteristic of
a particular geographical area and / or vegetation type.
Fire resistant Espèce Specie Planta Planta A plant species which has morphological or seasonal growth
plant pyrorésistante/ resistenti resistente resistente characteristics that give it a high probability of surviving a
espèce al fuoco ao fogo al fuego wildfire. Heat-insulating bark, seasonal dormancy, and the
résiliente ability to regenerate through stump sprouts or aerial re-
growth (broadleaved) are specific examples of fire resistant
characteristics.
Fire risk Risque Rischio Risco de Riesgo de The calculation of the probability of a wildfire occurring
d’incendie incendio incêndio incendio and its potential impact on a particular location at
a particular time. Wildfire risk is calculated using the
following equation:
Fire risk = probability of occurrence x potential impact
Fire scar Cicatrices de Tracce del Cicatriz do Cicatriz o A healing or healed injury or wound to woody vegetation,
feu fuoco fogo herida del caused or accentuated by fire; or, The overall shape and
fuego size of the area burned by a wildfire.
Fire season Saison feu Stagione degli Época de Temporada de The period or periods within a year when wildfires are likely
incendi incêndios incendios or most likely to occur.
Fire sensitive Ecosystème Ecosistema Ecossistema Ecosistema An ecosystem with a low resilience to fire. Fire sensitive
ecosystem sensible au feu sensibile al sensı́vel ao sensible al ecosystems will struggle to recover from the passage of a
fuoco fogo fuego wildfire.
Fire sensitive Espèces Specie sensibili Espécies Especies Species with a relatively high probability of being killed
species sensibles al fuoco sensı́veis ao sensibles al or scarred if a wildfire occurs. Specific examples include
au feu fogo fuego trees with thin bark or highly flammable foliage, or animal
species that are unable to evade the heat of a wildfire.
50
Fire severity Gravité du feu Severità Severidade do Severidad del Fire severity can be defined in two ways: The degree to
dell’incendio fogo incendio / which a site has been altered or disrupted by fire. The
Impacto del capacity of a fire to cause damage.
incendio Fire intensity and the amount of time a fire burned within a
particular area, among other possible factors, will influence
fire severity.
Fire shelter Abri du feu Shelter Abrigo de Refugio A small single person aluminized cover that can provide an
(coperta incêndio ignı́fugo individual with some protection from the effects of fire in a
antifiamma) fire entrapment situation.
Fire spread Propagation Diffusione Propagação do Propagación The movement of a fire across a landscape.
du feu dell’incendio incêndio del fuego
Fire storm Tempête de feu Tempesta di Tempestade de - Violent convection caused by a large continuous area of
fuoco fogo intense fire.
Fire Plan de lutte Piano di Plano de Plan de A pre-determined strategic scheme or programme of
Suppression contre les attacco al supressão do extinción activities which is formulated in order to safely and
Plan incendies fuoco incêndio / Plan de effectively accomplish fire suppression objectives. A fire
operaciones suppression plan will outline the selection of tactics,
selection of resources, resource assignments and how
performance and safety will be monitored and maintained
at a particular incident. Fire suppression plans need to be
dynamic to take into account any changes in conditions or
circumstances.
Fire swatter Tapette de feu Flabello Batedor- Batefuegos Tool consisting of a rubber shovel at the end of a metal
abafador handle, with an inner strap or a metal rib which gives it
sufficient rigidity to recover the initial position. It is a very
specific tool that performs a single action: suffocation. It is
very effective on light fuels used in combination with the
back pack pump.
51
Fire Traffic Zone de trafic Area di Área de Área de Vuelo A protected airspace around a wildfire incident where only
Area (FTA) d’incendie traffico aereo tráfego aéreo del Incendio authorised aircraft are allowed to enter.
dell’incendio no incêndio (AVI)
(FTA) (FTA)
Fire triangle triangle du feu Triangolo di Triângulo do Triángulo del Diagram which presents the three factors that are necessary
fuoco fogo fuego for combustion and flame production: FUEL-HEAT-
OXYGEN.
Fire types Types de feux Tipologie di Tipos de fogos Tipos de fuego There are three different schemes for classifying fire type:
incendio - Classification of a fire or section of fire according to
the fuel level within which it occurs. For example, aerial,
crown, understory, surface and ground fires. - Classification
of a section of fire according to its position along the
fire perimeter. For example, head, tail and flank fires. -
Classification of a fire or section of fire according to the
visual characteristics it displays. For example, smouldering,
creeping, backing, running, torching, spotting, crowning,
fire whirl, convection driven fire etc.
Fire watchman Vigile Vedetta Vigilante Vigilante de A person assigned the duty to look for fire from the top of
antincendio incendios a fire lookout tower or an elevated position.
Fire whirl Tourbillon de Vortice Tornado de Remolino de Spinning vortex column of ascending hot air and gases
feu fogo fuego rising from a fire and carrying aloft smoke, debris, and
flame.
Fire wind Vent Vento generato Ventos gerados Viento The inflow of air close to a fire caused by the action of
d’incendie dall’incendio pelo incêndio convectivo convection. Fire winds influence fire spread.
Fire-smart Gestion du feu Gestione Gestão Gestión del Management of forest landscapes aimed to control the
management forestale inteligente riesgo de fire regime by intervening on vegetation (fuel) to foster
antincendio do fogo incendio more fire-resistant (less flammable) and / or fire-resilient
environments
52
Firebrand Brandon Favilla Partı́culas Pavesas, Particles of ignited fuels that are carried by the wind or the
materia en air currents of a convection column.
combustión
Firebreak Pare-feu Fascia Aceiro Cortafuegos An area on the landscape that will not support combustion
parafuoco and which will prevent fire spread due to the non-existence,
removal or treatment of fuel.
Firefighting Capacité de Capacità di Capacidade Red viaria This is a classification developed at European level during
Traffic circulation circolazione de tráfego forestal para la the FORCIP+ project.
Capacity pendant un feu dei mezzi no incêndio circulación de Forest roads are classified regarding their functionality for
(FTC) de forêt antincendio (FTC) vehı́culos de fire fighting purposes (3 classes):
(FTC) extinción - FTC 1: This class includes forest roads which can be
travelled easily and safely by all kind of firefighting vehicles;
- FTC 2: This class includes forest roads and tracks which
can be travelled easily and safely by firefighting vehicles
included in VC2 and VC3 classes; - FTC3: this class
includes forest roads and tracks which can be travelled
easily and safely by firefighting vehicles included in VC3
class.
See Vehicles Classification (VC) for details on vehicle
classes. Complete information at www.forcip.eu.
First Premiers Primo Primeira Medios de The first person/ people to arrive at the scene of a wildfire.
responders intervenants intervento intervenção primer ataque It is often used as a generic term for all emergency
service personnel who are expected to respond to emergency
incidents.
Flame angle Angle de Inclinazione Ângulo da Ángulo de The angle of a flame measured in relation to the ground
flamme della fiamma chama llama surface. Flame angle is expressed in degrees.
Flame depth Profondeur de Profondità Profundidade Profundidad The distance from the rearmost to the foremost parts of
flamme della fiamma da chama de llama the fire front, usually expressed in metres.
53
Flame height Hauteur de Altezza di Altura da Altura de la The vertical extension of a flame. Measurement of flame
flamme fiamma chama llama height is calculated perpendicular from ground level to the
tip of the flame. Flame height will be less than flame length
if flames are tilted due to wind or slope.
Flame length Longueur de Lunghezza di Comprimento Longitud de The total extension of a flame measured from its base at
flamme fiamma da chama llama ground level to the flame tip. Flame length will be greater
than flame height if flames are titled due to wind or slope.
Flame risk Inflammabilité Rischio di Risco da Interpretación An assessment of risk to fire suppression personnel which
esposizione al chama de la longitud is calculated using flame length.
fronte di fuoco de llama
Flaming Combustion Combustione Combustão Combustión The production of flames as part of the combustion process.
combustion avec flammes con fiamma com chama/ con llamas
combustão
com chama
ativa
Flaming front Front de Fronte di Frente ativa/ Frente de The area of a moving fire where combustion is primarily
flamme fiamma frente de llamas flaming. The flaming front normally consists of the fire front
chama ativa and the flaming zone.
Flaming zone Zone Zona di Zona de Zona de llamas The flaming zone is located behind the fire front and
enflammée combustione combustão is primarily characterised by flaming combustion. The
solida incandescente flaming zone is where coarser fuels are consumed and where
(zona da fire behaviour is typically less dynamic and more static.
”profundidade”da Depending on the fuels present, the fire can burn for a
chama) considerable length of time within this zone.
Flammability Inflammabilité Infiammabilità Inflamabilidade Inflamabilidad Relative ease with which a fuel will ignite and burn with a
flame.
Flank attack Attaque de Attacco al Ataque pelos Ataque por el Attacking the fire along the flank or both flanks
flanc fianco flancos / flanco simultaneously.
flanqueamento
54
Flank fire feu de flanc Fuoco di fianco Fogo de flanco Fuego de A fire spreading or predicted to spread parallel
flanco (approximately at a right angle) to the prevailing wind
direction or a slope.
Flanks Flancs Fianchi Flancos Flancos The parts of a fire’s perimeter that are roughly parallel to
the main direction of fire spread. The flanks usually have
less fire intensity than the head fire because they have a
weaker alignment with wind or slope.
Flare up Reprise Ripresa Reativação Llamarada A short and sudden increase in fire activity.
Flash fuels Combustible Combustibili Combustı́veis Combustibles Fine fuels that have been dried and which will ignite very
éclair a rapida de resposta ligeros readily and rapidly.
accensione rápida
Flashing Embrasement Fiammata Inflamação Inflamación de Rapid ignition of unburned gases released into the
éclair gases atmosphere as a result of heat generated by a wildfire.
Normally observed during high intensity fires. Flashing can
represent a significant risk to the safety of suppression
personnel.
Flight hazards Risques de vol Pericoli di volo Riscos de voo Situaciones Any real or potential condition that might put an aircraft
de riesgo en at risk of damage or mechanical failure and its personnel
operaciones at risk of injury or death. Some examples of common flight
aéreas hazards at wildfire incidents include: Low level flight; Steep
terrain; Turbulence; Poor visibility; Rotor downwash in
burned areas from helicopter hover and landings; Aircraft
congestion in the vicinity of the fire.
55
Flight Trajectoire de Traiettoria di Trajetória de Trayectoria de The path that a pilot will fly an aircraft through the
trajectory vol volo voo vuelo air. Pilots should usually avoid flying over personnel or
equipment at a wildfire incident and plan an escape route
when setting up for a release.
There are three additional important terms used to describe
the paths to be flown by an aircraft: Approach trajectory –
The path that a pilot will fly to advance upon a destination
where a drop, landing or other aerial manoeuvre will be
completed. Exit trajectory - The path that a pilot will
fly after completing a drop or other aerial manoeuvre.
Disengagement trajectory - A pre-planned route to be
flown by an aircraft when a hazardous condition occurs. A
disengagement trajectory is an important part of a pilot’s
disengagement plan.
Floodplain Plaine Piana Área de cheias Llanura / A relatively flat area of land found alongside a water
inondable alluvionale Explanada de channel that is prone to flooding.
inundación
Flow Obstruction Ostruzione del Obstrução do Presa natural A mass of material that collects within a channel and acts
obstruction d’écoulement flusso fluxo / Embalse to partially or fully block the flow of water.
natural
Foam Mousse Schiuma Espuma Espuma A mass of bubbles formed by mixing specific proportions of
air with water and a foam concentrate. It can be applied to
smother and cool parts of a fire and / or to prevent ignition
within a fuel.
Fog/Fogging Brouillard / Sistema di Nevoeiro / Sistema de Pressurized water system which produces a fine mist or
System système de nebulizzazione Sistema de niebla / micro droplets of water to enhance the heat absorbing and
brumisation Nevoeiro nebulización steam generating capability of water.
56
Foliage freeze Gel du - Congelamento Vestigio de Branches, needles or leaves on green vegetation that have
feuillage da folhagem petrificación been dried by a fire leaving them fixed in position to
point in the direction of the wind at the time of the
fire’s passage. Visually the vegetation takes on a windswept
appearance. Foliage freeze is only an accurate indicator of
wind direction; however, this will generally coincide with
direction of fire spread within the areas of advancing fire
progression.
Foliar moisture Taux Contenuto Teor de Contenido de Moisture content of live foliage.
content d’humidité des di umidità humidade humedad foliar
végétaux fogliare da folhagem
Foot Pieds Piede Pé Pie A unit for measuring distance which is commonly used in
aeronautics. 1 foot (ft) is equivalent to 30.48 centimetres
(cm).
Forces of Forces Forze di Alinhamento Fuerzas de A collective term for the forces that have a significant
alignment d’alignement allineamento de forças alineación impact on wildfire behaviour. These forces can support
or hinder fire development and can be used to predict
likely fire behaviour, including fire spread and fire intensity.
Wind, slope and aspect are considered to be key forces of
alignment.
Forest Forêt Foresta Floresta Bosque An area of woodland with a minimum percentage of
canopy cover, as prescribed within national or international
guidelines/ stipulations.
Forest Fire Feu de forêt Incendio Incêndio Incendio We speak about forest fire when the fire concerns a surface
boschivo Florestal Forestal all in one piece, and when a part at least shrubby andor
raised floors is destroyed. The name also applies to the fires
which affect the scrubland or still the moors.
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Forest Réhabilitation Ripristino Recuperação Restauración A collective term for any actions required to repair damage
rehabilitation de la forêt post-incendio florestal forestal to a forest that has been caused by a wildfire or wildfire
suppression activities.
Fragmentation Fragmentation La Fragmentação Fragmentación The process of transforming large continuous areas of
frammentazione del vegetation and fuel into smaller discontinuous areas.
combustible Fragmentation leads to a change in fire regimes through
the alteration and discontinuity of fuels.
Fuel Combustible Combustibile Combustı́vel Combustible Any material that can support combustion within a wildfire
environment. Fuel is usually measured in tonnes per
hectare.
Fuel Accumulation Accumulo di Acumulação Acumulación The build-up of fuels during a certain time frame. Often
accumulation de combustible combustibile de combustı́vel de combustible considered as a process after certain external natural and /
or man-made disturbances, e.g. fire, harvest, grazing etc.
Fuel Disposition du Disposizione Disposição de Disposición del The horizontal and vertical distribution of all combustible
arrangement combustible del combustı́vel combustible materials within a particular fuel type. Horizontal fuel
combustibile arrangement - A description of the distribution of fuels
on the horizontal plane. The horizontal arrangement of
fuels will influence the relative ease with which fire can
spread horizontally across an area of land. Vertical fuel
arrangement – A description of the distribution of fuels
on the vertical plane, from the ground up to the canopy
levels of vegetation. The vertical arrangement of fuels
will influence the relative ease with which fire can spread
vertically through the fuel layers.
Fuel Evaluation du Analisi dei Avaliação de Evaluación del The estimation or calculation of total and available fuel
assessment combustible combustibili combustı́vel combustible that is present within a specific area.
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Fuel Disponibilité de Disponibilità Disponibilidade Disponibilidad Oven-dry weight of fuel per unit area which is consumed
availability combustible del de combustı́vel de combustible during the passing front (no post-fronting combustion).
combustibile With this definition of fuel availability, the following
equation can be established: If = H W R If = flame
intensity (W/m) H = heat per unit mass (kJ/kg) W =
fuel availability or fuel consumed during the passing front
per unit area (kg/m2) R = fire rate of spread (m/s)
Fuel bed Couche de Strato di Leito de Cama o Lecho Individual fuel particles organized in defined proportions
combustible combustibile combustı́vel de combustible and structural configurations
Fuel boundary Frontière du Margine del Zona de Lı́mite de los A dividing line between two distinctly different fuel types.
combustible combustibile transição do combustibles
combustı́vel
Fuel build up Accumulation Accumulo di Acumulação - An accumulation of fuel available to burn
combustibile de combustı́vel
Fuel complex Complexe de Complesso di Complexo de Complejo de The type, quantity, condition, arrangement and continuity
combustible combustibile combustı́vel combustible of fuel available to burn.
Fuel condition Etat du Condizione del Condição do Estado del Relative flammability of a fuel, as determined by fuel type
combustible combustibile combustı́vel combustible and environmental conditions.
Fuel Consommation Consumo di Consumo do Consumo The amount of a fuel that is removed by a fire, often
consumption de combustible combustibile combustı́vel de los expressed as a percentage of the fuel load.
combustibles
Fuel continuity Continuité de Continuità del Continuidade Continuidad The extent to which fuel arrangement will support fire
combustible combustibile do combustı́vel del spread.
combustible
Fuel hazard Risque du Pericolo legato Perigo de Riesgo del A fuel complex defined by type, alignment, arrangement,
combustible al combustibile combustı́vel combustible volume, continuity, condition etc. that forms a special risk.
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Fuel layers Couches de Stratificazione Estratos de Capas de The classification of fuels according to their height relative
combustible del combustı́veis combustible to the ground surface. There are five general fuel layers:
combustibile Aerial fuels Elevated fuels Near surface fuels Surface fuels
Ground fuels
Fuel load Charge de Carico di Carga de Carga de The amount of fuel present within a particular area. Fuel
combustible combustibile combustı́vel combustible load is measured in weight per area measured (usually in
kilograms per square metre). Fuel loading is expressed in
relative terms as either “heavy fuel loading” or “light fuel
loading”.
Fuel Gestion du Gestione del Gestão de Gestión del The process of managing fuel or fuel arrangement. The aim
management combustible combustibile combustı́veis combustible / of fuel management is usually to create a discontinuity in
Selvicultura fuels to achieve fragmentation.
preventiva
Fuel Feu avec - Fogo de gestão Quema the use of fire which, under suitable meteorological
management gestion du de combustı́vel prescrita conditions, and in rural areas of low value, allows the
fire combustible para gestión development of the rural fire within a pre-established
de combustible perimeter, with less commitment of means of suppression
within the same
Fuel model Modèle de Modello di Modelo de Modelo de A mathematical representation of fuel properties within a
combustible combustibile Combustı́vel combustible specified location, often used to predict and plot likely fire
spread and intensity.
Fuel moisture Teneur en Umidità del Humidade dos Contenido de Water content of a fuel expressed as a percentage of fuel
content humidité du combustibile combustı́veis humedad del weight when oven dried.
combustible combustible
Fuel profile Profil du Profilo del Pefil do Perfil de Vertical cross-section of a fuel bed.
combustible combustibile combustı́vel combustible
Fuel properties Propriétés du Proprietà del Propriedades Propiedades The physical characteristics of a fuel; for example, volume,
combustible combustibile do combustı́vel del size, shape, compactness and arrangement.
combustible
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Fuel Séparation de Separazione Separação de Separación del The distance between fuel layers or fuel particles.
separation combustible del combustı́vel combustible
combustibile
Fuel treatment Traitement du Trattamento Tratamento de Tratamiento The deliberate manipulation or removal of fuels using one or
combustible del combustı́vel del more of a variety of different means to: reduce the likelihood
combustibile combustible of ignition; and / or, reduce potential fire intensity; and /
or, reduce potential damage; and / or, assist suppression
activities.
Fuel type Type de Tipo di Tipo de Tipo de A group of fuels that will respond to fires in a similar way.
combustible combustibile combustı́vel combustible
Fuel type Modèle type de Modello Padrão de tipo Patrón de A mosaic of distinct fuel types within a particular area.
pattern combustible del tipo di de combustı́vel distribución de
combustibile combustibles
Fuel-driven fire Feu Incendio Incêndio Incendio A fire or part of a fire that is spread predominantly by the
stimulé par guidato dal conduzido pelo conducido arrangement, condition, and / or other characteristics of the
le combustible combustibile combustı́vel por los fuel within which it is burning. This situation occurs in the
combustibles absence of a significant effect from the forces of alignment,
such as wind, slope and aspect.
Fuelbreak Zone brûlée Interruzione Faixa de Rotura de la A linear path in which surface fuel and canopy fuel has been
del gestão de continuidad reduced
combustibile combustı́vel del
combustible
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Fulgurites Fulgurites Folgorite Vestı́gios Fulguritas Natural hollow glass tubes or clumps that form in sand,
silica or soil after a lightning strike or an electrical discharge
from a power conductor. Fulgurites are formed when the
high temperature of an electrical discharge instantaneously
melts and fuses grains of sand together to produce silica
glass. The process leaves evidence of the path of the
electrical discharge, sometimes many metres below the
ground surface.
Gabion Gabion Gabbione Gabião Gabión A wire container filled with rock, broken concrete or other
similar material which is used to construct dams or artificial
embankments to reduce erosion.
Gels Gels Gel Géis Geles Chemicals which are added to water to make it thicken.
When used as an extinguishing agent the mixture is able
to absorb more heat than water and sticks to the surface of
the fuel.
General Area Zone générale Area Generale Área geral de Zona general An area of the scene of a wildfire which may contain macro
of Origin d’origine di Origine origem del origen scale indicators indicating the origin of the fire. The General
Area of Origin is usually identified through eye witness
accounts of the fire perimeter during the early stages of
the fire and may cover an area of 0.2 hectares or less.
Generator Générateur Generatore Gerador Generador A machine that converts mechanical energy into electricity
to serve as a power source for other equipment and
machines. Generators are particularly important pieces
of equipment in remote locations where access to mains
electricity may be very limited.
Geocode Géocode Coordinate Código Geocodificación The numerical or alphanumerical element in a database
geografiche Geográfico which identifies the geographical location of a particular
record.
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Geographic Système Sistema Sistema deSistema de A system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze,
Information d’information informativo informação Información and present geographically referenced data.
System (GIS) géographique geografico geográfica Geográfica
(SIG) (GIS) (SIG)
Global Système de Sistema di Sistema de Sistema de GPS is a global navigation system that provides very
Positioning positionnement posizionamento posicionamento posicionamiento precise positioning information about the location of any
System (GPS) global (GPS) globale (GPS) global (GPS) global (GPS) point on or near the Earth’s surface.
Global Dispositif de Ricevitore Recetor do Receptor GPS receivers are commonly available as hand-held units
Positioning navigation del sistema di Sistema de del Sistema de and receive and triangulate signals from orbiting satellites
System (GPS) GPS posizionamento Posicionamento Posicionamiento to calculate an individual’s precise location on the Earth’s
receiver globale (GPS) Global (GPS) Global (GPS) surface.
Glowing Combustion Pirolisi Combustão Combustión en Low intensity combustion, when there is little or no flame
combustion avec incandescente incandescencia and little or no fire spread. Glowing combustion will usually
rayonnement occur shortly before extinction, during the final stages of a
fire.
Go-around Remise des gaz Sospensione/ Aguardar Abortar An order for a water bombing aircraft to disengage from its
attesa sgancio autorização descarga final run and delay a release until a new authorisation to
para descarga release is given.
Gorge Gorge Gola Desfiladeiro Garganta, A deep, narrow and extremely steep-sided valley which
cañón usually has a river occupying its entire floor. Gorges are
very dangerous topographical features because they can
support extreme fire behaviour.
Gradeability capacité Pendenza Capacidade Pendiente the steepest grade a vehicle can climb with a full load.
superabile de subida de Lı́mite /
inclinações Umbral de
pendiente
Gradient Gradient Pendenza Declive Gradiente The angle or steepness of a slope.
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Grass stem Indicateurs de Indicatori dello Indı́cios de Vestigios The pattern of the charred remains of grass stems. These
indicators brins d’herbe stelo dell’erba progressão em en plantas remains will have a different appearance dependent upon
herbáceas herbáceas the direction of fire spread and the intensity of the fire.
Generally speaking: A fire or part of a fire which burns with
the support of one or more factors of alignment will burn
grass stems from the top down. Any grass stems not entirely
consumed by fire may provide angle of char, cupping, degree
of damage and / or protection indicators. A backing fire
which burns without the support of any factors of alignment
will burn grass stems off at the base causing some to fall to
the ground and into the area that has already been burned.
Those grass stems remaining will generally point towards
the direction that the fire came from.
Grass stems may form a number of recognizable patterns
within the area of origin and / or within a transition zone:
Circle pattern – when grass stems fall inwards in a circular
pattern to point towards the point of ignition. This pattern
occurs when a low intensity fire spreads relatively slowly
away from the area of origin in all directions. V or U pattern
– when grass stems fall inward along a low intensity or
transitional zone of a fire forming a V or U shape. This
pattern occurs when a fire is influenced by wind or slope
shortly after ignition. Line pattern – when grass stems fall
into the area of origin to form a line perpendicular to the
direction of fire spread. This pattern occurs when a fire is
almost immediately influenced by wind or slope, but it may
be difficult to observe.
Grassland Prairie Prateria Pastagem Pradera An area predominantly covered in one or more species of
grass.
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Grid bearing Relèvement à Orientamento Azimute Malla de Measurement of a bearing using a compass placed on a map.
l’aide d’une orientación If this bearing is to be followed to walk from one location
carte to another, then the navigator will need to adjust it to
incorporate magnetic declination.
Grid North Ligne de Nord Norte Norte de una The direction north along the north-south grid lines of a
direction cartografico Cartográfico malla map projection.
Grid reference Quadrillage de Riferimento Grelha de Malla de Coordinates that can be used to define and identify specific
référence della griglia referência referencia locations on a map.
Gridlines Lignes du Linee della Grelha de Lı́neas de la Intersecting perpendicular lines drawn on a map to
quadrillage griglia linhas malla divide the surface into equal squares. Gridlines define the
coordinate system and are labelled with numbers and / or
letters to provide a unique reference to features on the map.
Ground fire Feu de surface Incendio Incêndio Fuego de A fire burning below the surface fuel layer.
sotterraneo subterrâneo subsuelo
Ground fuels Combustible Combustibili Combustı́veis Combustible Any fuel below the surface fuel layer, normally within the
du sol sotteranei do solo de subsuelo soil. Examples of ground fuels include: duff, tree roots,
shrub roots, rotting wood, peat etc.
Ground probe Socle de labour Lancia Agulheta (para - A specialized nozzle used to penetrate deep-seated
con sonda uso no solo) combustible fuels to extinguish ground fires.
sotteranea
Ground team Equipe/ Squadra a Equipa Unidad de Any supervised group of individuals operating on the
équipage au terra terrestre Extinción ground at a wildfire incident. This term is usually only
sol Terrestre required if an incident involves aerial operations.
Groundwater Eau Acque Lençóis Agua Water found beneath the land surface. Groundwater is
souterraine sotterranee freáticos subterránea found in fractures of rock formations and as soil moisture.
Group Groupe Gruppo AIB Grupo Grupo A group is formed by a number of means (2 to 6 depending
on Country).
65
Group leader Chef de groupe Responsabile Chefe de Jefe de grupo The group leader is the responsible of a group.
di Gruppo Grupo
AIB
Gully Ravin Burrone Linha de água Barranco / A relatively steep-sided water channel formed on a hillside.
temporária/ Vaguadas A gully might only contain water during periods of heavy
ravina acusadas rain. Gullies are dangerous topographical features because
they can support extreme fire behaviour.
Hand line Ligne Staccata Faixa manual Lı́nea de A control line constructed using hand tools.
disponible manuale de defensa
manual
Hand team Equipe Squadra Equipa apeada Ataque de A supervised group of individuals which is tasked with
disponible antincendio la Unidad carrying out an assignment(s) at a wildfire incident.
de Extinción
Terrestre con
herramientas
manuales
Hand tool Outil manuel Attrezzo Ferramenta Herramienta Any piece of hand-held equipment which is operated
manuale manual manual manually or with power assistance to dig, rake, scrape,
chop, cut or remove fuel.
Hardware Matériel Hardware Hardware Hardware The physical components of a system, such as a computer
informatique / material monitor or CD ROM drive. The programmes that control
informático the functioning of hardware are called software.
Hazard Danger Pericolo Perigo Peligro / Anything which has the potential to cause harm.
Riesgo
Head fire Tête de feu Testa Cabeça de Cabeza del The leading part of an advancing wildfire at a particular
incêndio incendio point in time. The head fire will usually exhibit the highest
level of fire activity of any part of the fire.
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Healing in Mise en jauge Collocazione in Embacelar Aviverado Careful storage of bare root plants between the time of their
tagliola delivery to the planting site and the actual time of planting.
The primary purpose of healing in is to avoid drying of the
roots.
Heat flux Flux de Flusso di Fluxo de calor Flujo de calor The rate of energy transfer per unit area.
chaleur calore
Heat of Chaleur de Calore di Calor de Calor de The heat of combustion is the energy released as heat when
combustion combustion combustione combustão combustión a compound undergoes complete combustion with oxygen
under standard conditions.
Heat probe Capteur de Sonda di calore Sonda de calor Detector / Apparatus used to detect heat.
chaleur Sensor de calor
Heat transfer Transfert de Trasferimento Transferência Transferencia The process by which heat is imparted from one body or
chaleur di calore de calor de calor object to another. In wildfires and forest fires, heat energy is
transmitted from burning to unburned fuels by: Convection
– Transfer of heat by the movement of masses of hot air;
the natural direction is upwards in the absence of any
appreciable wind speed and / or slope. Convection can
include spotting behaviour. Radiation – Transfer of heat in
straight lines from warm surfaces to cooler surroundings.
Conduction – Transfer of heat through solid matter.
Heathland Lande Landa Charneca Brezal An area of open uncultivated land which is dominated
by dwarf shrubs and which is usually characterised by
poor acidic sandy soil. Heathland is similar in appearance
to moorland, although heath is normally found on well-
drained sandy soils at lower altitudes.
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Heavy Enginiste Operatore Motorista de Conductor de Driver of a heavy machine (es. Excavator or bulldozed) used
machinery di macchine maquinaria maquinaria during suppression operation and mop up.
driver movimento pesada pesada
terra /
macchine
pesanti
Height Hauteur Altezza Altura em Altura Distance between the ground surface and an aircraft in
relação ao solo flight.
Helicopter Hélicoptère Elicottero Helicóptero Helicóptero An aircraft capable of hovering and moving vertically and
horizontally in any direction during flight. Most helicopters
achieve lift and propulsion through the rotation of overhead
rotor blades.
Helicopter Pilote Pilota di Piloto de Piloto de A professionally qualified person who operates the flying
pilot d’hélicoptère elicottero helicóptero helicóptero controls of a helicopter.
Helicopter Système Sistema di Sistema de Sistema de A release system installed internally within or fixed by
release system de largage sgancio per descarga do descarga de un an attachment externally beneath a helicopter which is
d’hélicoptère elicottero helicóptero helicóptero specifically designed for transporting and releasing water
or retardant.
Helipad Héliport Eliporto Heliporto Helipuerto A location for parking, fuelling, repairing/ maintaining, and
/ or unloading or loading of helicopters during a wildfire
incident.
Helipond Bassin à Vasche per Ponto de água Estanque A small body of water which is suitable for helicopters
hélicoptèe elicotteri para meios para cargar to load helibuckets through a hover fill. Heliponds are
aéreos helicópteros sometimes artificially created through the damming of
small water channels.
Helipump Hélipompe Pompa Bomba de Bomba A lightweight portable pump unit that has been specifically
elitrasportata helicóptero portátil developed for transport by helicopter.
helitransportable
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Helispots Aire de poser Zona di sbarco Helipistas Helipuerto Temporary or occasional landing areas for helicopters in
temporal close proximity to a fire. Helispots are usually used for
cargo delivery/ pick-up and sometimes for transporting
suppression personnel.
Helitack Attaque en Elitrasporto / Helitransporte Cuadrilla The utilization of helicopters to transport crews,
utilisant Elitrasportati / brigada helitransportada equipment, and fire retardants or suppressants to the
l’hélicoptère helitransportada fireline during the initial stages of a fire. The term also
refers to the crew that performs helicopter management
and attack activities.
Helitack leader Chef de - Chefe da Responsable A supervisory firefighter trained in the tactical use of
commando equipa/ de cuadrilla helicopters for fire suppression
brigada helitransportada
helitransportada
Helitack Equipier du - Membro Peón de A firefighter specially trained and certified in the tactical
operator commando da equipa/ cuadrilla and logistical use of helicopters for fire suppression.
brigada helitransportada
helitransportada
Helitank Réservoir à Benna Tanque de Helitanque A specially designed tank which is fitted to the underside of
hélicoptère helicóptero a helicopter and used for transporting and dropping water
or fire retardant.
Helitorch Hélitorch Helitorch Helitorch Antorcha An aerial ignition device hung from a helicopter which
de goteo disperses ignited gelled gasoline.
helitransportada
Hill Colline Collina Monte/ Colina / otero An area of high ground with slopes falling down in all
cabeço/ / cerro directions. Hills will often, but not always, have distinct
elevação summits.
Hillside Colline Pendio Encosta Ladera Slope of a mountain or elevation of the terrain by any of its
sides.
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Hoe Houe Zappa Enxada Azada Commonly used agricultural tool in the suppression of
forest fires, consisting of a tempered steel piece with a
straight edge sharpened in flute beak by the inner face.
It serves to dig, to obtain earth and to mix it with embers
and hot embers, and also to cut and to remove the fuel.
Hold Soute Stiva Compartimento Depósito A tank or compartment beneath an aircraft which is
de carga ventral capable of holding water, retardant or cargo.
Holding area Aire d’attente Zona di Área de espera Área de espera Location established at an incident where resources can be
raccolta placed while awaiting assignment.
Horizontal fuel Dispositif Disposizione Distribuição Disposición A description of the distribution of fuels on the horizontal
arrangement horizontale de del horizontal dos horizontal del plane. The horizontal arrangement of fuels will influence the
combustible combustibile combustı́veis combustible relative ease with which fire can spread horizontally across
orizzontale an area of land.
Horticultural Cultures Colture Cultivos Cultivos Intensively cultivated plants used by people for food,
crops horticoles orticole hortı́colas hortı́colas medicinal purposes or for ornamental/ aesthic purposes.
Horticultural crops are usually less susceptible to wildfires
than other types of vegetation, but post-harvesting residues
can create fine fuels and increase the risk of wildfires
(particularly during warm and dry conditions).
Hose - Manichetta Mangueira Manguera A flexible and collapsible tube used for transporting liquids
under pressure.
Host nation Nation hôte Nazione Nação anfitriã Paı́s receptor In the context of HNS the Participating State which by
ospitante de ayuda agreement: 1) receives international intervention modules/
teams deployed by other Participating States or other
nations to cope with consequences of a disaster; 2) receives
in-kind assistance and / or other equipment/ material to
cope with consequences of a Disaster.
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Host Nation Destinataire Struttura Destinatário Organismo Host nation civil protection institutions and / or their staff
recipient de pays ricevente da nação receptor de who receives the incoming international teams.
d’accueil della nazione anfitriã ayuda
ospitante
Host Nation Soutien du Supporto Apoio à Nação Apoyo del paı́s Implies all actions undertaken in the preparedness phase
Suppot (HNS) pays hôte nazionale anfitriã receptor de and the disaster response management by a Participating
ayuda State, receiving or sending assistance, or the Commission,
in order to remove as much as possible any foreseeable
obstacle to international assistance so as to ensure that
disaster response operations proceed smoothly. It also
includes the support that Participating States can provide
to facilitate international assistance transiting through
their territory by land, sea or air.
Hot fire - - Fogo ativo Fuego de alta A high intensity fire or part of a fire.
intensidad
Hot spot Point chaud Punto caldo Ponto quente Punto caliente A small burning area within a fire perimeter which
requires suppression action as part of the mop-up phase
of suppression.
Hover fill Remplissage Rifornimento Enchimento Recarga When a helicopter fills a bucket or internal or external
en vol in volo por transbordo en vuelo release system while in stationary flight above a water
stationnaire stazionario estacionario source.
Humidity Humidité Umidità Humidade Humedad A generic term used to describe the amount of water vapour
in the air.
Hydrology Hydrologie Idrologia Hidrologia Hidrologı́a The study of the properties, distribution, and effects of
water both on and below the earth’s surface and within
the atmosphere.
Hydrophobicity Hydrophobie Idrofobicità Hidrofobicidade Hidrofobia A resistance to wetting that is exhibited by some soils.
Hydrophobicity, also commonly known as water repellency,
may occur naturally or as the result of a fire.
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Hygrometer Hygromètre Igrometro Higrómetro Higrómetro An instrument used for measuring the relative humidity of
the air.
Hyperthermia Hypertthermie Ipertermia Hipertermia Hipertermia A condition in which a person’s core body temperature
becomes elevated. It occurs when the body produces
or absorbs more heat than it can dissipate. The most
common cause of hyperthermia at a wildfire incident is
prolonged exposure to excessive heat or heat and humidity.
When a person’s body temperature is elevated sufficiently
high, hyperthermia becomes a medical emergency requiring
immediate treatment to prevent disability or death.
Hypothermia Hypothermie Ipotermia Hipotermia Hipotermia A condition in which a person’s core body temperature
drops below the temperature required for normal
metabolism and body functions. The condition is usually
the result of prolonged exposure to cold temperatures,
although there may be other influencing factors. Any person
suffering from hypothermia should be treated as a medical
emergency and immediate treatment should be sought to
prevent disability or death.
Identification Parcours de Traettoria di Passagem de Pasada de A flight by a lead aircraft over a target area to indicate the
run reconnaissance ricognizione reconhecimento reconocimiento desired flight trajectory and target for other aircraft.
(passagem em
seco)
Ignition Allumage Ignizione Ignição Ignición The initiation of combustion.
Ignition Méthode Metodo di Método de Medio de The means by which a fire is ignited.
method d’allumage accensione ignição ignición
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Ignition Caractéristiques Modelli di Técnicas Métodos de A generic term for the three key techniques for igniting a
patterns d’allumage accensione de Ignição/ ignición managed burn: Line ignition - igniting a burn in strips along
Padrões de a control line and the adjacent fuel. Point of fire ignition -
ignição igniting a number of fires within an area of fuel. The aim
of this technique is for the individual fires to burn into one
another. Fingers of fire ignition - igniting lines of fire at
right angles to a control line and parallel to the wind.
Ignition Température Temperatura Temperatura Temperatura The minimum temperature at which ignition can take place
temperature d’allumage di accensione de ignição de ignición and sustained combustion can occur.
Imaging Image de Spettroscopia Espectroscopia Espectroscopı́a Satellite and / or airborne based remote sensing
Spectroscopy Spectroscopie di immagini de imagens de imágenes methods for measuring the spectral behaviour of biomass
(transmittance, reflectance, absorption) in the wavelength
range of approximately 400 – 2600 nm; used for the
determination of biophysical parameters of fuels, namely
water and chlorophyll content as well as structures.
In-kind Aide - Assistenza Assistência Asistencia In-kind assistance - donations are those that are done in
assistance donation materiale – em espécie - en especie: goods and services rather than money (or cash).
– donation donazione doações donación
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Incendiary Incendiaire Innesco Dispositivo Dispositivo A device that is purposefully designed to ignite a fire.
incendiário incendiario Incendiaries can be classified according to function and
delivery method.
The two categories for incendiary functions are: Hot
set incendiaries – which are designed to ignite the fire
immediately. Time-delay incendiaries – which are designed
to ignite the fire after a time delay, allowing the offender
time to leave the area prior to ignition.
The two categories for incendiary delivery method are:
Remote delivery devices – which are designed to be thrown
or propelled a distance. Hand-held and placed devices –
which are designed to be carried and placed at the point of
ignition.
Incident Intervention Incidente Incidente Incidente An occurrence or event that requires action to prevent or
minimise loss of life, damage to property or damage to the
environment.
Incident Commandement Comando delle Comando das Director The authority of an agency to direct and control resources
Command d’intervention operazioni operações del Plan de at an event/ occurrence which requires action to prevent
Emergencias loss of life or damage.
por Incendios
Forestales
Incident Point de Punto di Posto de Localización The geographic location where the Incident Commander is
Command commandement comando delle Comando del Puesto based.
Point d’une operazioni Operacional de Mando
intervention (PCO) Avanzado
(PMA)
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Incident Poste de - Posto de Puesto de An Incident Command Post (ICP) can be defined as a
Command commandement Comando Mando stationary work location used by the Incident Commander
Post Operacional Avanzado (IC) to command, communicate, coordinate, and control an
(PCO) emergency incident.
Incident Support de Supporto al Apoio ao DTE Auxiliar Any person or assignment that provides direct assistance
Command commandement comando delle comando das to the Incident Commander.
Support d’intervention operazioni operações
Incident Système de Sistema di Sistema de Sistema de A standardized emergency management system which
Command commandement comando delle Gestão de Mando de is specifically designed to allow its users to adopt an
System (ICS) d’intervention operazioni Operações Incidentes integrated organisational structure equal to the complexity
(ICS) (SGO) (SMI) / and demands of single or multiple wildfire incidents. An ICS
Sistema de provides a standard framework within which individuals
Manejo de and teams present at an incident can work together safely
Emergencias and effectively.
por Incendios
Forestales
(SMEIF)
Incident Commandant Direttore delle Comandante Director The nominated competent officer who has overall
Commander de operazioni di das Operações Técnico de responsibility for safety, tactics and management of
l’intervention spegnimento de Socorro Extinción resources at a wildfire incident.
(COS) (DTE)
Incident Localisation Localizzazione Localização do Localización Identification of the specific location of a wildfire following
localization des sinistre degli incendi incêndio del incendio its detection.
Incident Objectifs Obiettivi Objetivos das Objetivos de The desired results to be achieved at a wildfire incident.
objectives relatifs à d’attacco operações extinción Incident objectives must be realistic, achievable and
l’intervention measurable, but they must also be flexible enough to allow
for strategic and tactical alternatives. They must also be
established within the framework of a safe and effective
Incident Command System.
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Incident Support Logistica di Suporte das Grupo A group or organisation responsible for providing personnel,
support d’intervention supporto operações logı́stico y equipment and / or welfare facilities and supplies in support
de apoyo of suppression operations.
Index Index Legenda Legenda do Índice A list of the places and / or key features that can be found
mapa on a map. The list will often include coordinates to help
users identify the specific locations on the map.
Indicators Indicateurs Indicatori Indicadores Indicadores Physical marks, clues or patterns left on partially burned
fuels and non-combustible objects which can be interpreted
by a fire investigator. Accurate interpretation of indicators
will enable a fire investigator to retrace the path of the fire
to the point of origin.
Indicators can be divided into two sub-categories: Macro
indicators - These are large scale clues, marks or patterns
left on partially burned fuels and non-combustible objects
that are readily visible at a distance. They are usually
associated with areas of higher intensity burning, where
there has been an advancing head fire. Micro indicators -
Small individual clues, marks or patterns left on partially
burned fuels and non-combustible objects that are often not
easily visible, particularly at a distance. They often become
less noticeable the closer you move towards the fire origin.
Indirect attack Attaque Attacco Ataque Ataque Any suppression methods implemented away from the fire
indirecte indiretto indireto indirecto edge.
Infrared (IR) Infrarouge Infrarossi (IR) Infravermelho Radiación Thermal radiation which is invisible to the human eye.
(IR) (IR) infrarroja / A number of devices used by wildfire practitioners
Infrarrojo use IR technology, including: infrared imagers; night-
vision devices; and, wireless connections between computer
devices.
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Infrared Imageur Registratore Imagem de Cámara de An instrument that converts incoming infrared radiation
imager ifrarouge di immagini infravermelho infrarrojos into a thermal image or map to show temperature variation.
infrarossi
Initial attack Attaque Attacco Ataque inicial Primer ataque Suppression work completed by first responders arriving
initiale iniziale at a wildfire incident. The intention of any initial attack
should always be to quickly gain control of a fire. If an
initial attack is unsuccessful then more extensive resources
will be required.
Initial Réponse Risposta Resposta Respuesta The first suppression resources mobilised to an incident
response initiale iniziale inicial inicial following the detection of a wildfire. These resources will
be available to participate in initial attack operations.
Intercardinal Points inter- Direzioni Pontos ou Puntos The four intermediate compass directions which are
directions cardianux intercardinali direções intercardinales situated halfway between the cardinal directions: North
colaterais East, North West, South East, South West.
Intersection Croisement Incrocio Interseção Intersección the place at which two or more roads cross.
Islands Iles Isole Ilhas Islas Areas of unburned fuel within the fire perimeter.
Isobar Isobare Isobara Linha Isobara A line on a weather map which connects points of equal
isobárica atmospheric pressure.
Isotherm Isotherme Isoterma Curva Isoterma A line on a weather map which connects points of equal
isotérmica temperature.
Jettison Délestage Sgancio Descarga de Vaciado de To drop cargo or an unused load of water or retardant
d’emergenza emergência carga de medio from an airplane or helicopter to lighten the aircraft and
aéreo / or to improve stability. A specific location in the near
vicinity of the fire may be designated for aircraft to jettison
their unused loads, although a jettison in the case of an
emergency may be made anywhere in order to maintain
safety.
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Junction zone Zone de Zona di Zona de união/ Zona de unión The area where two separate fires move together. The
jonction giunzione junção junction zone is usually characterised by increased fire
activity.
Junction zone Effet de zone Effetto di Zona de união/ Efecto de zona This is the term used to describe the increased fire activity
affect de jonction giunzione junção afetada de unión that occurs when two separate fires move together.
Knock down Affaiblir Abbassare la Derrubar Reducir la To reduce the flame or heat of burning parts of a fire.
fiamma intensidad
Knot Nœud Nodo Nó Nudo A unit for measuring speed which is commonly used in
aeronautics. 1 knot is equivalent to a speed of 1 nautical
mile per hour.
LACES LACES LACES LACES PROTOCOLO An essential safety protocol which should be implemented
OACEL at wildfire incidents to address risks and hazards.
The correct implementation of LACES helps to ensure
that suppression personnel are appropriately supervised,
informed and warned of risks and potential hazards and
that they are aware of how and where to escape should a
high risk situation occur.
LACES is an acronym for: L = Lookouts A = Awareness or
Anchor Point C = Communication E = Escape route and
plan S = Safe area
Ladder fuel Combustible Scala di Combustı́vel Combustible Fuels that provide vertical continuity which allow fire to
étagé combustibile de transição en escalera move from surface fuels into aerial fuels above.
Lake Lac Lago Lago Lago A large natural body of water that is usually fed and
drained by a stream or river.
Land breeze Brise de terre Brezza Brisa terrestre Brisa terral A local night time breeze which occurs when cooler, higher
pressure air above the land surface moves offshore to replace
warmer air rising above coastal waters.
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Land Gestion des Gestione del Gestão do Gestión del The process of managing the use and development of
management terres territorio território/ monte an area of land for: wildfire prevention; conservation,
gestão da restoration or protection of the environment; commerce;
paisagem and / or for other reasons.
Land use Aménagement Pianificazione Planeamento Planificación A decision-making process involving the allocation of
planning du territoire dell’uso del do uso da terra de los usos del areas of land to different uses and / or vegetation types.
suolo suelo This allocation should take into account any necessary
considerations regarding wildfire prevention and detection.
Landscape Paysage Paesaggio Paisagem Paisaje The physical appearance of the land comprising of the
features of the terrain, the indigenous vegetation and the
human impact caused by variations in land use.
Landslides Glissement de Frana Deslizamentos Corrimiento de A mass downslope movement of soil and / or rock under the
terrain de terra tierras influence of gravity. Wildfires increase the risk of landslides,
particularly on steep slopes, because they burn and remove
vegetation which normally acts to increase slope stability
and reduce the impact of erosion. Personnel working to
restore land after wildfires need to assess and manage the
risk of landslides to prevent injury.
Late release Largage tardif Rilascio Lançamento Descarga A release that lands after (or behind) its target. In short,
ritardato tardio pasada the pilot made the release too late.
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Lateral Confinement Confinamento Confinamento Contención Restriction of fire spread caused by topographical features.
confinement latéral laterale lateral lateral When wildfires are confined by topographical features such
as gullies, ravines, or narrow valleys, convective heating
by confined gases and radiation feedback from flames
and burning vegetation increases the heat release rate
of the burning fuels. Rapid fire spread is also enhanced
by the acceleration and channelling of wind through
these topographical features. These factors may result in
a more rapid combustion and spread than that of an
unconfined vegetation fire. Lateral confinement can produce
fire behaviour which poses a significant risk to the health
and safety of suppression personnel.
Lateral drift - Dariva laterale Desvio lateral - When an individual drifts from their bearing. This occurs
because it is almost impossible to walk a perfect bearing. A
common method of addressing the problem of lateral drift
is aiming off.
Latitude Latitude Latitudine Latitude Latitud The angular distance north or south between a point on
the earth’s surface and the equator. Latitude is usually
measured in degrees, minutes and seconds.
Leaching Lessivage Lisciviazione Lixiviação Lixiviación A process involving the removal of dissolved matter from
the soil through the percolation of water. This process
is often exacerbated by wildfires as they remove the
vegetation that normally acts as a filter to prevent leaching.
Lead aircraft Aéronef de Aereo leader Aeronave lı́der Aeronave guı́a An aircraft that provides some form of leadership and / or
coordination guidance to other aircraft while in the air. Lead aircraft can
have multiple assignments.
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Leading Méthode du - Método de Método del A navigational technique whereby members of a team are
marker repère mobile orientação/ punto de lined up along the course of a bearing and in so doing
method método de referencia act as individual points of reference. The technique can
marcação móvil be used effectively by a team of two people; however, the
principal technique is more reliable and accurate for teams of three or
more. The technique is very useful for navigating through
dense woodland and / or during times of fading or limited
visibility, such as at night.
Lee slope Pente de Versante Encosta a Pendiente a A slope that faces away from the direction of the wind. A
côté sous le sottovento sotavento sotavento lee slope is therefore sheltered from the wind. A lee slope
vent is the opposite of a stoss slope.
Liaison officer Officier de Liaison officer Oficial de Oficial de A liaison officer is a person who liaises between
liaison ligação enlace two organizations to communicate and coordinate their
activities. In particular, he ensure the proper transmission
of the objective and the maneuvering ideas of the incident
commander to his counterpart during the mission.
LIDAR (Light LIDAR LIDAR LIDAR (Light LIDAR An optical remote sensing technology that can measure the
Detection And (rilevazione Detection And distance to or other properties of a target by illuminating
Ranging) e variazione Ranging) the target with light, often using pulses from a laser. LIDAR
della luce) technology has applications in geomatics, geography,
geology, geomorphology, forestry, remote sensing as well as
in airborne laser swath mapping (ALSM), laser altimetry
and contour mapping. LIDAR data is usually used to
produce Digital Elevation Models (DEMs).
Lightning Foudre Fulmine Relâmpago Relámpago The discharge of electricity within the atmosphere either
between two clouds or between a cloud and the ground.
Lightning from cloud to ground can be a potential cause
of wildfires, if conditions are suitable. Fires ignited by
lightning often have multiple points of ignition.
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Line of Ligne de Linea di Linha de Lı́nea de The line of authority and responsibility along which
command commandement comando comando mando operational orders are passed. Also commonly referred to
as “chain of command”.
Line of sight Ligne de mire - Linha de vista Lı́nea de visión A navigational technique which can be used when it is
not possible to walk a bearing in a straight line because
of obstacles. When using the line of sight technique,
navigators walk to an obvious landmark that is situated
directly on the bearing they wish to travel. When they reach
this landmark, they then take another bearing and identify
to the next obvious landmark. The navigator continues this
process until they reach their destination. By walking to
intermediate landmarks, a navigator reduces the amount of
lateral drift and thereby reduces that chance of veering off
of the bearing.
Litter Litière Lettiera Folhada Hojarasca The top layer of debris fuels consisting of twigs, sticks
superficielle and branches, it can also include recently fallen leaves and
needles. The structure of the material within the litter
layer has not been altered significantly by the process of
decomposition.
Live fuels Combustibles Combustibili Combustı́veis Combustibles Fuels with living tissue. The moisture content of live fuels
vivant vivi vivos vivos is controlled largely by internal physiological mechanisms.
Load and Charger et Carica e Abastecer e Cargar y An order given to the pilot of an aircraft to pick up and
conserve conserver conserva aguardar esperar retain another load of retardant or water and to remain at
a specified location until receiving further assignments. The
aircraft is still committed to the fire.
Load and Charger et Carica e Abastecer e Cargar y An order given to the pilot of an aircraft to pick up another
return revenir ritorna regressar volver load of retardant or water and to return immediately to the
fire.
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Logistics Section Logistica Célula de Sección de The ICS section responsible for providing facilities, services,
Section logistqiue Logı́stica Logı́stica and supplies in support of an incident
Logistics Officier Logista Oficial de Jefe de This ICS position is responsible for supervising the Logistic
section leader logistique antincendi Logı́stica Logı́stica Section. Reports to the Incident Commander and is a
boschivi member of the General Staff. This position may have one
or more deputies assigned
Long-term Retardateur à Ritardante a Retardante de Longitud Long-term retardants have the ability to reduce or
retardant long terme lungo termine longa duração inhibit combustion even after the water they contain has
evaporated.
Longitude Longitude Longitudine Longitude Retardante a The angular distance of a point east or west of an
largo plazo arbitrarily defined meridian, usually taken to be the
Greenwich meridian. Longitude is usually measured in
degrees, minutes and seconds.
Lookout Vigie Osservatore Vigia Observador A person responsible for supervising safety. Lookouts are a
key element of the LACES safety protocol.
Low pass Passage à Volo radente Voo rasante Pasada baja A low flight over a target area. A low pass may be completed
basse altitude by a water bombing aircraft, lead plane, or other aircraft in
order: to obtain a closer look at a target; or, to warn ground
personnel in the vicinity of a target of an impending drop
(normally using an audible warning device).
Macro Macro- Indicatori Macro MacroindicadoresThese are large scale clues, marks or patterns left on
indicators indicateurs macro indicadores partially burned fuels and non-combustible objects that are
readily visible at a distance. They are usually associated
with areas of higher intensity burning, where there has been
an advancing head fire.
Magnetic Relèvement Azimut Azimute Rumbo Measurement of a bearing using a compass to identify
bearing magnétique magnetico magnético magnético direction.
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Magnetic Déclinaison Declinazione Declinação Declinación The angle between Magnetic North and True North.
declination magnétique magnetica magnética magnética Magnetic declination varies from place to place and with
the passage of time. Navigators need to remember to adjust
bearings to take account of the magnetic declination at their
particular location.
Magnetic Nord Nord Norte Norte The direction from a point on the Earth’s surface following
North magnétique magnetico magnético magnético a great circle toward the magnetic north pole, as indicated
by the north-arrow end of a compass.
Managed burn Brûlage Fuoco gestito Queimada de Quema A planned and supervised burn carried out for the purpose
controlé gestão prescrita of removing fuel either as part of a Fire Suppression Plan
(an operational burn) or a land management exercise (a
prescribed burn).
Manual Système de Sistema di Sistema Sistema de A wildfire detection system which is operated by and
detection détection rilevamento de deteção detección requires direct control from a person.
system manuelle manuale manual manual
Map Carte Carta Mapa Mapa A graphical representation of an area which depicts the
geografica relative positions of features and landmarks.
Map layer Couche Strato/ livello Camada de Capa de un A map of a single thematic feature, such as contours, roads,
(calque) di mappa mapa mapa or rivers and streams. Each map layer is usually stored as
a separate file in a Geographic Information System (GIS)
and overlaid to produce topographic or other maps.
Map legend Légende de la Legenda della Legenda do Leyenda del A table or list which explains the meanings of any symbols
carte mappa mapa mapa and colour coding used within a map.
Map Orientation de Orientamento Orientação do Orientación Rotating a map until recognised features on the landscape
orientation la carte della mappa mapa del mapa align with those shown on the map. Orientating a map with
the landscape can make a map easier to read.
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Map overlay Superposition Sovrapposizione Superposição Superposición The combination of several map layers with the same map
de carte della mappa de mapa de mapas projection to create a new output map layer which shows
the relationship between them. It is visually similar to
stacking several maps of the same area.
Map Projection Proiezione di Projeção de Proyección del Any technique which represents the three-dimensional
projection cartographique mappe mapa mapa spherical surface of the Earth on a flat two-dimensional
surface of a map. All map projections will lead to some
distortion of shape, size, distance or direction.
Marking out Marquage Marcatura Marcação Marcaje The creation of a marking on the ground to identify a target
area for water bombing aircraft, either by personnel on the
ground or by a helicopter.
Marsh Marécage Palude Pântano Terreno An area of soft, wet, low-lying land, characterized by grassy
pantanoso vegetation. Marshland may often form a transition zone
between water and land.
Massive attack Attaque Attacco Ataque maciço Ataque masivo A substantial and swift attack using aerial resources which
massive massiccio is intentionally excessive in relation to the size of the
wildfire. A massive attack will be performed in order to
suppress a relatively small wildfire as quickly as possible
so that aerial resources can be quickly released to perform
other assignments.
Mastication Mastication Triturazione Trituração Trituración Grind trees to the stump and disperse the resulting small
material on the ground
Material first Premier - Primeiro Primer The first fuel that was set on fire.
ignited matériau material com material en
enflammé ignição ignición
Mcleod Rateau Rich Mcleod McLeod / Mcleod / A combination hoe or cutting tool and rake, with or without
Enxada- rastrillo azada removable blades.
ancinho
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Mechanical Traitement Trattamenti Tratamentos Tratamientos Reduction of fuel load and / or characteristics by means of
treatments mécanique meccanizzati Mecânicos mecanizados machines
Mechanised Equipement Apparecchiature Equipamento - A piece of heavy equipment that is usually mechanically-
equipment mécanisé meccanizzate mecanizado driven and mounted on to or towed by a vehicle to dig,
scrape, cut, move or remove vegetation or soil.
Medical Urgence Emergenza Emergência Emergencia An injury or illness that poses an immediate risk to a
emergency médicale medica médica médica person’s life or long term health.
Mega fire Méga-feu (feu Mega fire Mega incêndio Megaincendio A very wildfire demonstrating abnormally extreme fire
catastrophe) behaviour. Mega fires will usually represent a significant
challenge to suppression agencies because they are very
resource intensive to suppress and can pose a significant
risk to the safety of suppression personnel.
Memorandum Memorandum Accordo Memorando de Memorando de A documented written consensus between responsible and
of de Entendimento entendimiento / or interested parties regarding the management and
Understanding/ compréhension / Acordo / Acuerdo implementation of fire investigations.
Agreement / accord
Message Message Messaggio Mensagem Mensaje An exchange of information at an incident, either via radio
or by some other means, where there is no need for a briefing
to take place.
Meteorological Vents Venti Vento Geral/ Vientos The movement of air within the upper air level masses as
winds météorologique meteorologici Planetário meteorológicos a result of atmospheric pressure variations. Meteorological
winds generate regional weather patterns.
Micro Micro- Micro Micro Microindicadores Small individual clues, marks or patterns left on partially
indicators indicateurs indicatori indicadores burned fuels and non-combustible objects that are often not
easily visible, particularly at a distance. They often become
less noticeable the closer you move towards the fire origin.
Mineral earth/ Terre/ sol Terreno/ suolo Terra mineral Suelo mineral A soil layer that does not contain organic material which
soil minérale minerale / solo could support combustion.
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Mitigation Atténuation Mitigazione Mitigação Mitigación A collective term used for those activities implemented
prior to, during, or after a wildfire which are designed
to reduce the actual or potential consequences of the
wildfire. Mitigation measures can include efforts to
educate governments, businesses and the general public
on appropriate actions to take to reduce loss of life and
property during wildfire incidents. The development of
mitigation measures is often informed by lessons learned
from prior incidents.
Mixed Forêts mixtes Bosco misto Floresta Mista Bosque mixto Woodland containing a mixture of deciduous and coniferous
woodland tree species.
Mobilization Mobilisation Mobilitazione Mobilização Movilización A command decision to move a resource or resources from
one location to another. This includes moving new resources
to a wildfire incident.
Mobilize Mobiliser Mobilitare Mobilizar Movilizar To direct resources to attend an incident.
Modelling Modélisation Modellizzazione Modelação Modelización The process of creating a representation of part of the
real world and subjecting it to some form of parameters
and variables for the purpose of predicting, simulating or
describing the real world.
Module Module - Módulo - A module is formed by 2 or more means with a specific
operative objective.(Mainly used in France)
Moorland Lande Brughiera Pradarias Páramo / An area of open uncultivated land which is dominated
landa by dwarf shrubs and other low-lying vegetation. Moorland
is similar in appearance to heathland, although moorland
is found in wetter areas where mosses help retain water
content.
Mop up Achever Bonifica Rescaldo Liquidación o The act of extinguishing a fire after it has been brought
l’extinction remate under control. Mop up involves carrying out all necessary
actions to prevent re-ignition.
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Motive Motif/ mobile Movente Motivo Móvil A reason for doing something. The term is most frequently
used within the context of explaining why an individual
committed a crime.
Mountain Montagne Montagna Montanha Montaña An area of very high ground with steep slopes falling
down from a sharp peak at the top. Mountains are larger
landforms than hills and generally have steeper slopes.
Mountain Brise de Brezza di Brisa de Brisa de A localised down slope wind which occurs at night when
breeze montagne monte montanha montaña cool mountain air sinks down slope to replace warmer air
found at lower elevations. A reversal of this process may
occur during the day leading to a valley breeze.
Mulching Paillage Pacciamatura Mulching / Acolchado The application of a protective material (straw, well-rotted
cobertura manure, colourless or black polyethylene plastic film) to
morta de solo covering the soil around plants. The purpose of mulching is
to protect plants by preventing the evaporation of moisture,
the freezing of roots, and / or the growth of weeds.
Multi-agency Intervention - Incidente Incendio An incident involving more than one agency.
incident multi- multi-agente que implica
organismes a varias
administraciones
Multi-agency Enquêtes de - Investigações Investigaciones When individuals from multiple agencies work together in
partnership partenariat de parcerias de a structured and coordinated manner to investigate a fire.
investigations multi- multi-agências colaboración
organismes entre varios
organismos
Multiple Multipes Punti di Pontos de Múltiples More than one point of ignition. Multiple ignitions may be
ignition points points accensione ignição puntos de lit simultaneously or successively and could be indicative of
d’allumage multipli múltiplos ignición spot fires or fires set deliberately by humans.
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Mutual Appui mutuel Sostegno Suporte mútuo Apoyo mutuo Coordination of the actions of multiple agencies and /
support reciproco or ground and aerial resources to ensure that all actions
complement and support one another.
Mycorrhizal Plants Piante Plantas Plantas Plants which have a symbiotic relationship with a fungus
plants mychorizés micorrizzate micorrizadas micorrizadas that improves their ability to draw nutrients from the soil.
This relationship helps to improve a plant’s rate of recovery
and its level of adaptation to difficult environments (such
as one experiencing frequent wildfires).
Naismith’s rule Règles de La regola di Regra de Regla de Naismith’s Rule is a rule of thumb that helps navigators
Naismith Naismith Naismith Naismith to calculate approximately the length of time it will take
to walk a given route. The Rule stipulates that an average
walker on flat terrain under normal conditions will take 1
hour to travel 5 kilometres. To account for additional time
taken during ascents, one minute should be added to the
time of travel for every 10 metres ascended.
Natural fuel Combustible Combustibile Combustı́vel Combustible Fuels created and developed through natural processes and
naturel naturale natural natural which have not been directly generated or altered by land
management practices.
Natural Regénération Rinnovazione Regeneração Regeneración Regeneration composed of seedlings grown from the soil
regeneration naturelle naturale natural natural seed bank or from stump sprouts.
Natural Forêt naturelle Bosco naturale Floresta Monte o Trees that have germinated and grown in their natural state
woodland natural bosque natural without the influence of human actions. Natural woodland
o monte de is likely to contain multiple species of trees which leads to
regeneración less continuity of fuels than is found in planted woodland.
expontánea
Nautical mile Mile nautique Miglio nautico Milha náutica Milla náutica A unit for measuring distance which is commonly used in
aeronautics. 1 nautical mile is equivalent to 1,852 metres.
Navigation Navigation Navigazione Navegação Navegación The process of planning, following and monitoring progress
along a pre-defined route of travel.
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Navigational Techniques de Tecniche di Técnicas de Técnicas de A range of tools and techniques that enable skilled
techniques navigation navigazione navegação navegación navigators to locate their position on the Earth’s surface
in relation to other known locations and landmarks.
Navigator Navigateur Navigatore Navegador Navegador An individual with the knowledge, skills and experience
that enable him/ her to accurately plan, follow and
monitor progress along a pre-defined route of travel. A
good navigator will typically be able to use a range of
navigational techniques effectively.
Near miss Incident Quasi Quase Cuasi An unexpected and undesirable event where injuries or
incident évité de Incidente Acidente/ accidente illness and / or damage to property or the environment are
justesse .acidente narrowly avoided. Under slightly different circumstances,
iminente/ the same event could have caused an accident.
Incidente
Near surface Combustibles Combustibili Combustı́veis Combustibles Any fuels found at a height of 0.5-1.5 metres above the
fuels proche de la prossimi alla próximos da próximos a la ground surface. Near surface fuels are found above surface
surface superficie superfı́cie superficie fuels and have a vertical component to their structure.
Nozzle Buse Ugello Agulheta Boquilla / A device attached to the end of a hose that directs, shapes
embocadura and regulates the flow of water and / or fire fighting
chemicals.
Nursery Pépinière Vivaio Berçário/ Vivero A facility that raises seedlings destined for planting.
viveiro
Observation Point Punto di Ponto de Punto de A specific location with a view of a surrounding area which
point d’observation osservazione observação observación is used for wildfire detection.
Observation Mirador Torre di Torre de vigia Torre de A structure with a view of a surrounding area which is used
tower osservazione observación for wildfire detection.
o torre de
vigilancia
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Observer Observateur Osservatore Observador Vigilante en An individual occupying an observation tower/ point or
incendios completing a patrol of a designated area that is tasked with
forestales detecting and reporting wildfires.
One skid Atterrissage - Desembarque Apoyo sobre A partial landing during which a helicopter remains in
landing sur un patin em un esquı́ stationary flight with only one landing skid in contact with
estacionária the ground. Remaining stationary in this manner allows for
the loading or unloading or personnel and equipment on
rocky ground or on slopes where the gradient is too steep
to allow for a complete landing.
Operational Feu Controfuoco Queima Contrafuego A controlled supervised burn which is carried out by a burn
burn opérationnel operacional team as part of a fire suppression plan. An operational
burn can be classified as either offensive or defensive,
depending upon its purpose: Offensive operational burn –
ignited along a control line to burn into an advancing flame
front. Defensive operational burn – ignited along a control
line to strengthen/ expand the control line, but it will be
extinguished prior to the arrival of an advancing wildfire.
Operational Poste de Sala operativa Sala de Centro de An emergency centre which receives emergency telephone
room sécurité operações control calls and which coordinates the mobilization and
demobilization of appropriate available resources to/ from
incidents.
Operational Coordinateur Coordinatore Coordenador Coordinador Responsible of the activities of the operational room
room de la salle des di Sala de sala de de central de
coordinator opérations / Operativa operações operaciones
chef de salle Antincendi
Boschivi (COS
AIB)
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Operational Opérateur Operatore di Operador Operador de Member of the operational room staff.
room operator Sala Operativa de sala de central de
Antincendi operações operaciones
Boschivi
Operations Section Sezione Célula de Sección de The section responsible for all tactical operations at the
Section Opérations operativa Operações Operaciones incident. Includes branches, divisions and / or groups, task
forces, strike teams, single resources and staging areas.
Operations Officier Assistente Oficial de Jefe de This ICS position is responsible for supervising the
section leader Opérations direttore Operações operaciones Operations Section. Reports to the Incident Commander
operazioni and is a member of the General Staff. This position may
antincendi have one or more deputies assigned.
boschivi
Optical sensor Capteur Sensore ottico Sensor óptico Sensor óptico A device that measures visible (light) radiation.
optique
Orthophotograph Orthophotographie
Ortofoto Ortofotografia Ortofotografı́a A photograph that has been geometrically corrected to
adjust for topography, lens distortion and camera tilt.
Unlike standard photographs, orthophotographs can be
used to measure true distances.
OSOCC Centre local de Centro Centro de OSOCC Serves as the entity for the coordination of the operational
(On-Site coordination operativo di Coordenação (Centro de activities undertaken by international assistance teams
Operations des opérations coordinamento de Operações coordinación responding to the emergency.
Coordination no Local de operaciones
Centre) in situ)
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Pacing Comptage du Misurare a Pacing Contar pasos A technique used by navigators to estimate distance
nombre de pas passi (regular o travelled. Prior to embarking on a journey, a person wishing
andamento) to use pacing needs to count the number of paces taken to
Contagem de travel a known distance. Paces can then be counted during a
passos journey to estimate distance travelled. This is a particularly
useful technique for navigating at times of limited visibility
(i.e. at night) and when navigating over terrain with limited
features and landmarks (such as mountainous areas and
open moorland).
Paracargo Cargaison Pacco con Carga aérea - Equipment or supplies to be dropped from an aircraft in
largable paracadute flight by parachute, other retarding devices, or free fall.
Parallel attack Attaque Attacco Ataque Ataque Method of fire suppression in which a control line is
parallèle parallelo paralelo paralelo constructed approximately parallel to and some distance
away from the fire edge. The intervening strip of unburned
fuel may or may not be burned out as the control line
proceeds. This decision will be influenced by an assessment
of whether the unburned fuel is considered to pose a threat
to the control line.
Parameter Paramètre Parametro Parâmetro Parámetro A quantity that is fixed or constant for the case in question,
but which may vary in other cases.
Participating Etat Nazione Paı́s Estado State participating in the EU Civil Protection Mechanism
state (PS) participant partecipante participante
à l’assistance
Partner Organismes Ente associato Agências Organismos Any organisations that work together to prevent,
agencies partenaires parceiras asociados investigate and / or suppress wildfires. Partnership agencies
will work together on preparedness activities and plans
and are likely to have formulated pre-agreed partnership
agreements.
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Patrol Patrouille Pattugliamento Patrulha Patrullar The act of supervising a specified area in order to prevent,
detect and / or suppress wildfire.
Pattern Groupes de Gruppo di Áreas de Agrupación de Areas of a fire scene containing multiple patterns and
clusters motifs prove padrões de pruebas indicators which demonstrate a particular direction of fire
queima spread, rate of fire spread and / or level of fire intensity.
Pavement Chaussée Massicciata/ Pavimento Pavimento constructed layers of a road surface which reduce/ disperse
fondo stradale loads to levels which are within the bearing capacity of the
subgrade.
Peak Sommet Picco Pico Cumbre / pico The pointed top of a mountain or ridge.
Peat Tourbe Torba Turfa Turba An organic fuel layer consisting of a light, spongy material
formed in temperate humid environments through the
accumulation and partial decomposition of vegetation
debris. Peat is formed by decomposition in the absence of
oxygen (anaerobic decomposition). Peat forms in areas that
are seasonally or permanently inundated with water. Fires
in peat burn by smouldering combustion and generate high
levels of heat energy per unit area.
Peninsula Péninsule Penisola Penı́nsula Penı́nsula A relatively narrow strip of land projecting from a land
mass into a sea or lake.
Personal Equipement Dispositivi Equipamento Equipo de Any equipment or clothing required to maintain the safety
Protective personnel de di Protezione de proteção protección of suppression personnel at a particular wildfire incident.
Equipment protection Individuale individual individual While some PPE will most likely be required at all wildfire
(PPE) (EPP) (DPI) (EPI) (EPI) incidents, the need for some types of PPE will vary
according to the particular conditions experienced at an
incident. To provide an example, suppression personnel
operating at a wildfire incident at night will require lighting.
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Photographic Preuves Prova Evidência Pruebas Photographs taken at the scene of a wildfire, either
evidence photographiques fotografica fotográfica fotográficas during or post-fire. They may be taken by witnesses, first
responders and / or fire investigators.
There are four key different types of photographs typically
taken by fire investigators: Orientation photographs
–photographs taken at a distance to show the overall view
of a fire, the area of origin or other important areas of
the scene. Relationship photographs –photographs taken
at a medium range to show moderately detailed views
of particular areas of the scene and to illustrate the
relationship between various areas, indicators or pieces of
evidence. Identification photographs –photographs taken
close-up and at short range. They are taken to show a high
level of detail for specific items of evidence or indicators.
Examination photographs – photographs taken close-up
and at short range with a scale. Their purpose is to clearly
establish the size of a piece of evidence.
Physical Preuve Evidenza fisica Evidência Prueba Any material object which demonstrates a fact through its
evidence matérielle fı́sica material physical characteristics.
Pinching Etrangler Attacco Flanquear Flanquear Attacking a fire by working along the flanks either
progressivo simultaneously or successively from a less active or anchor
sui fianchi point and endeavouring to connect the two lines at the head.
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Planning Section - Célula de Sección de Responsible for the collection, evaluation, and
Section Planification Planeamento Planificación dissemination of tactical information related to the
incident, and for the preparation and documentation
of incident action plans. The section also maintains
information on the current and forecasted situation, and
on the status of resources assigned to the incident. Includes
the situation, resource, documentation, and demobilization
units, as well as technical specialists.
Planning Officier - Oficial de Jefe de This ICS position is responsible for supervising the
section leader planification Planeamento Planificación Planning Section. Reports to the Incident Commander and
is a member of the General Staff. This position may have
one or more deputies assigned.
Plantation Plantation Piantagione Plantação Repoblación An area of trees created through artificial regeneration.
Planted Forêt plantée Soprassuolo Floresta Bosque An area of managed woodland (often artificially
woodland artificiale plantada productor established) where trees are grown for sale as timber
and / or for the commercial production of other forest
products.
Planting Plantation Piantare Plantação Plantar The act of placing seeds or seedlings into soil.
Plateau Plateau Altopiano Planalto Meseta An elevated area of land which has an extensive and
relatively level surface.
Plough Charrue Aratro Arado/ grade Arado A large implement with one or more blades fixed within a
discos frame which is drawn over the ground to turn the soil and
cut furrows, usually in preparation for planting seeds but
sometimes also during the construction of control lines.
Point of Point Punto di Ponto de Punto de The precise physical location where the source of ignition
ignition d’ignition accensione ignição ignición came into contact with materials first ignited. The physical
remains of the ignition source may be present or in close
proximity.
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Polygon Polygone Poligono Polı́gono Polı́gono A closed line or perimeter which completely encloses a space
to represent a specified area on a map. Common examples
of the use of polygons on maps include the representation
of buildings and field boundaries.
Pond Etang Stagno Lagoa Charca / Balsa A small body of still water which is not fed by a stream or
river. Ponds may be constructed or form naturally within
undulations of the land surface.
Post-fire Succession Successione Sucessão pós- Sucesión post- All of the different stages involving the growth of different
succession après-feu post-incendio fogo incendio species of plants within an area that has been affected by
the passage of a wildfire. A number of different post-fire
succession stages (seres) can occur, dependent upon the
environment. The first and last stages of post-fire succession
are always referred to as the growth of “pioneer species”
and the “fire climax”: Pioneer species - Species of plant
that quickly grow and settle after the passage of a fire. The
growth of pioneer species represents the first stage of post-
fire succession. Fire climax - The final stage of post-fire
succession. The fire climax will often be a plant community
at a stage of succession which is maintained by periodic
fires.
Pre-treat Pré-traitement Pretrattamento Pré- Pretratamiento The application of water, foam or retardant along a control
tratamento line.
Precipitation Précipitation Precipitazione Precipitação Precipitación All forms of water, whether liquid (e.g. rain) or solid (e.g.
snow or hail), that fall from the atmosphere and reach the
ground.
Preheating Préchauffage Preriscaldamento Pré- Precalentamiento Preliminary phase of combustion where fuels ahead of an
aquecimento advancing fire are heated and dried. During pre-heating,
fuel temperatures are raised either by the advancing fire
and / or by weather (i.e. solar radiation, aspect).
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Preliminary Evaluation Valutazione Avaliação Evaluación The investigation of a wildfire scene should begin with
scene préliminaire de preliminare preliminar do preliminar de a preliminary scene assessment. The key activities for
assessment la scène della scena cenário la escena the preliminary scene assessment are observation and
preservation of evidence. More specifically, investigators
completing a preliminary scene assessment will:
determine the size of the fire; determine the necessary
scope of the investigation; approximately reconstruct
the movement of the fire and determine the area of
origin; consider the health and safety implications of the
investigation; and, consider the resource implications of the
entire investigation.
If time permits, investigators should take photographs,
make sketches of the scene, gather evidence from key
witnesses, and identify locations that may require more
detailed examination.
Preparedness Plan de Piano di Plano de Plan de A pre-determined scheme or programme of activities
plan préparation prevenzione preparação Defensa which is formulated in order to satisfactorily prepare an
organisation or a geographic area to respond effectively to
wildfire incidents.
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Prescribed Brûlage dirigé Fuoco Fogo Quema A planned and supervised burn carried out under
Burn prescritto controlado prescrita specified environmental conditions to remove fuel from
(fogo a predetermined area of land and at the time, intensity
prescrito) and rate of spread required to meet land management
objectives.
There are three specific types of prescribed burn which are
used for restoration activities: Conversion burn - The use
of fire to eliminate unwanted species that have appeared
through natural regeneration. The ultimate purpose of
conversion burning is usually to prepare an area for planting
or to introduce different species. Regeneration burn –The
use of fire to promote the natural regeneration of species
which need heat/ fire to release their seeds or to break a
period of dormancy. Site preparation burning – The use of
fire to remove slash left after the logging of burned timber.
The purpose of a site preparation burn is to prepare an area
for other regeneration activities.
Preservation of Préservation Conservazione Preservação de Protección de Any action taken to prevent evidence from being
evidence des preuves delle prove provas pruebas contaminated, manipulated, lost or destroyed.
Prevailing Vent dominant Vento Vento Viento The predominant wind direction.
wind predominante predominante dominante
Prolonged Attaque Attacco Ataque Ataque An extended and sustained method of attack requiring
attack prolongée prolungato ampliado ampliado additional resources which is implemented if a wildfire is
beyond the control of an initial attack.
Protected area Zone protégée Area protetta Área protegida Área protegida An area that has special status and which has been given
specific legal protection.
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Protection Protection Protezione Proteção Protección A generic term for a range of measures that may be
against wildlife contre les feux contro la fauna contra a vida contra la fauna implemented to prevent wildlife from causing damage
de forêt selvatica selvagem to regeneration. Specific examples include: tubes or nets
placed over individual seedlings or plants; repellent sprays
applied to plants; or, the erection of a fence to prevent
access to a particular plot.
Protection Indicateurs de - Indicadores de Vestigio de When a non-combustible object or a fuel shields part of
indicators protection proteção protección a fuel from heat damage. Generally speaking, fuels will
be unburned or show relatively less damage on the side
shielded from an advancing flame front.
Pruning Elagage Potatura Desramação Poda The removal, close to the branch collar or flush with the
stem, of side branches (live or dead) and multiple leaders
from a standing tree. In fire prevention, it is used for
increasing the canopy base height.
Pulaski Pulaski Pulaski Pulaski / Pulaski / Tool composed of a piece of hardened steel that on the one
Enxadão hacha azada hand resembles a narrow and sturdy hoe, and on the other
an ax, inserted into a wooden shaft. The edges are, the one
of the ax in double bevel, and the one of the hoe in beak of
flute by the internal face. It is a tool that is used to cut and
dig, and sometimes also to obtain earth and mix embers
and hot embers.
Pump Pompe Pompa Bomba Bomba A device used to move liquids (i.e. water or foam) using
mechanical action.
Pyrophile Espèces Specie pirofite Espécies Especie Species that are able to survive wildfires and / or to
species pyrophiles pirófitas pirófita regenerate after wildfires through germination stimulated
(phyrophyte) by fire, stumps sprouts or aerial re-growth (i.e. broadleaved
trees).
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Radio repeater Répéteur radio Ripetitore Repetidor de Repetidor de A piece of communication equipment that combines a radio
radio rádio radio receiver and a radio transmitter. Radio repeaters are used
to receive weak radio signals and transmit them at higher
power so that they can travel a longer distance without
being degraded.
Radio Récepteur Trasmettitore Transmissor de Transmisor de A piece of communication equipment that converts sound
transmitter radio radio rádio radio waves into radio waves and then transmits these radio
waves.
Radiometer Radiomètre Radiometro Radiómetro Radiómetro An instrument that measures electromagnetic radiation.
Radiometers mounted on satellites measure the
characteristics of fires, vegetation and clouds and are
used to detect and monitor wildfires and their impact.
Raster layer Couche Raster Camada Capa raster A map layer made up of a grid of cells or pixels. A road map
matricielle Raster layer would be represented by pixels with, for instance, the
value 1, and 0 for all other pixels.
Rate of spread Vitesse de Velocità di Velocidade de Velocidad de A measurement of the speed at which a fire moves across
propagation propagazione propagação propagación a landscape. Rate of spread is usually expressed in metres
per hour.
Raw data Donées brutes Dati grezzi Dados não Datos brutos Data that that has not yet been processed for meaningful
tratados use.
Re-burn Re-brûlure Ripresa Tornar a Requemar Subsequent burning of an area that has already been burnt.
dell’incendio queimar
Reception Centre Centro di Centro de Centro de Is established at points of entry into an affected country
Departure d’accueil ricezione e Receção/ recepción y for international response with primary responsibility of
Centre (RDC) partenza Partida salida (RDC) facilitating the arrival and then later, the departure of
international response teams.
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Reconnaissance Reconnaissance Ricognizione Reconhecimento Reconocimiento The act of gathering information about a wildfire
incident in order to monitor fire behaviour and
suppression activities. The primary reasons for completing
reconnaissance should be to maintain safety and to assess
the effectiveness of a fire suppression plan.
Recovery rate Taux de Tasso di Taxa de Tasa de The percentage of seedlings still alive one year after
reprise attecchimento recuperação recuperación planting. The recovery rate is often statistically determined
by counting seedlings on a sample of planting lines.
Reforestation reboisement Rimboschimento Reflorestamento Reforestación Re-establishment of forest through planting and / or
/ deliberate seeding on land affected by a wildfire which was
repovoamento previously classified as forest.
Regeneration Regénération Rigenerazione Regeneração Regeneración A collective term for any actions taken to attempt to
reconstruct an environment that has been effected by
wildfire to represent its previous state before the passage
of fire. Among many examples, regeneration activities may
involve the deliberate reintroduction of vegetation species
that once populated the area and the removal of pioneer
and other species that were not present prior to the fire.
Rehabilitation Réhabilitation Riabilitazione Reabilitação Rehabilitación A collective term for any actions taken to repair damage
to an area of land that has been caused by a wildfire or
wildfire suppression activities.
Reignition Ré-allumage Riaccensione Reativação Reproducción Existence of a focus of fire that was believed extinguished
and reactivated by the persistence of hidden hot spots or
not watched
Relative Humidité relative Umidità Humidade Humedad The amount of water vapour present in the air expressed as
humidity relativa relativa relativa a percentage of the amount of vapour needed for saturation
to occur at the same temperature. Saturated air is referred
to as 100 % relative humidity.
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Release Largage Sgancio Descarga Descarga When an aircraft in flight deliberately drops water or
retardant over a specified target.
Release Densité de Concentrazione Densidade da Densidad de The quantity of water or retardant release per square
density largage dello sgancio descarga descarga metre. Release density is dependent upon two key variables:
Release height; and, Speed of the aircraft when the drop is
made.
Release height Hauteur de Altezza di Altura da Altura de Height at which an aircraft releases water or retardant
largage sgancio descarga descarga over a target. Two types of release height are of particular
significance: High release - A release made from a higher
than normal height. This type of release can be ordered for
tactical or safety reasons. Low release – A release made from
a lower than normal height. A low release normally poses
greater risks than a high release because flight hazards tend
to be greater and because pilots have less time to take
action in the case of an engine failure or other emergency
with the aircraft. A low release may, however, be more
effective than a high release in particular circumstances.
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Release mode Mode de Modalità di Modo de Modo de The method of release selected by the pilot of a water
largage sgancio descarga descarga bombing plane in order to achieve the desired density. The
mode selected will partly depend upon an aircraft’s hold
system. Examples of different release modes include: Salvo
release – Release of an entire load of water or retardant
carried by a water bombing plane. Generally used on fires
or parts of fires requiring a high density release of water
or retardant. Single hold release – Release from only one
hold of a water bombing plane. Sequential release – The
opening of multiple holds of a water bombing plane to
release a continuous flow of water or retardant over a
desired distance. A sequential release can be extended in
length through the partial opening of holds, although this
will lead to lower coverage. Split release – Multiple releases
made from one hold at a time from a water bombing plane.
Release over a Largage sur Sgancio su un Descargas em Descarga sobre Drops over a slope can be classified as: Cross slope release -
slope une pente versante encostas una pendiente A release of water or retardant while an aircraft flies along
the contours of a slope. Downslope release - A release of
water or retardant while an aircraft flies from the top to
the bottom of a slope. Stacking pattern release - A release
pattern used for steep terrain where flight trajectories of
aircraft are contoured to a slope. Generally speaking, the
first release is made at the top of the slope and successive
releases gradually progress to the bottom of the slope.
Upslope release - A release of water or retardant while an
aircraft flies from the bottom to the top of a slope.
Release pass Passage de Passaggio di Passagem com Pasada de When a water bombing aircraft has a target in sight and
largage sgancio descarga descarga carries out a release in flight over the target.
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Release Schéma de Schema di Padrão de Modelo de The distribution of one or more water or retardant releases
pattern largage sgancio descarga descarga on a target area. Release patterns can be classified in six
ways: Box pattern release - When a single water bombing
aircraft makes multiple releases forming a retardant line
around the perimeter of a small fire. Extended release -
To make a release so that it overlaps and lengthens the
coverage of a previous release. Full coverage release – To
make a release with the aim of covering the entire fire
with water or retardant. Multiple releases may actually be
required to obtain the desired release density. This type of
release pattern is commonly used to control fire intensity
and spread of small fires, such as spot fires. Stacking pattern
releases - A release pattern used for steep terrain where
the flight trajectory of the aircraft is contoured to a slope.
Generally speaking, the first release is made at the top of
the slope and successive releases gradually progress to the
bottom of the slope. “V” pattern release - When one or
more water bombing aircraft make multiple releases to form
a retardant line in the shape of a “V” around the head or
heel of a small fire. Safety release – A release of water or
retardant over a vehicle or group of individuals in difficulty
on the ground for the purpose of reducing the intensity of
the fire to enable the personnel to escape.
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Release tactics Tactiques de Tattiche di Táticas de Táctica de The strategic calculation of the way in which water and
largage rilascio descarga descarga / or retardant should be released on a fire or parts of a
fire. There are multiple ways that a pilot of an aircraft
can make releases of water or retardant. Different release
tactics will be more or less successful within particular
situations and the choice of tactics used will vary according
to a variety of factors including but not limited to: the
type of aircraft deployed; the objectives and priorities of a
suppression plan; current and predicted fire behaviour; fire
weather; topography; and, flight visibility.
Release tactics for water and retardant are described using
four different variables: Release mode; Release height;
Release over a slope; Release pattern.
Release target Cible de Sganciare Alvo da Objetivo de la Specific location where water or retardant is to be released
largage sull’obiettivo descarga descarga from an aircraft.
Release zone Zone de Zona di Área e Área de The area surrounding a specific release target.
largage sgancio descarga descarga
Remote Télédétection Remote Deteção Teledetección The acquisition and interpretation of images of the Earth’s
sensing sensing remota surface, where images are usually acquired by cameras and
scanners carried on aircraft or orbiting satellites. Optical
images simultaneously record visible and invisible reflected
light in several different wavelengths; when combined, these
images (or ‘bands’) can be used to map burn scars, different
types of fuel and fuel moisture. Thermal images record
emitted heat from active fires and the Earth’s surface.
Radar remote sensing uses artificial microwave energy to
produce images of burn scars through cloud and at night.
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Rendezvous Zone de Area di Zona de Área de A prearranged meeting place, especially an assembly point
area rendez-vous rritrovo Receção de encuentro for firefighters and ground means.
Reforços
(ZRR)
Rendezvous Point de Punto di Ponto de Punto de A pre-arranged location where resources arriving at a
point rendez-vous ritrovo (o Trânsito (PT) encuentro wildfire incident will report.
ammassamento)
Report Rapport Rapporto Relatório Informe The process whereby resources first register their arrival at
a wildfire incident with the Incident Commander. A formal
statement of the results of an activity or investigation.
Reports may analyse situations, provide progress updates
on current assignments, draw conclusions and / or make
recommendations. A report can be either verbal or written.
Requesting Requête d’un Nazione Paı́s que Paı́s solicitante Participating State affected by a major emergency and
Participating état membre richiedente solicita de ayuda requesting assistance through the EU CP Mechanism
State assistência
Reserve Ressources de Riserva di Meios e Recursos de Resources not assigned to a specific task, but available for
resources réserve risorse recursos de reserva assignment.
reserva
Reservoir Réservoir Invaso Reservatório Depósito A large constructed body of water that is usually fed and
drained by a stream or river.
Residence Durée de Tempo di Tempo de Tiempo de The time, in seconds, required for the flaming front of a
Time séjour residenza residência permanencia fire to pass a stationary point at the surface of the fuel.
The total length of time that the flaming front of the fire
occupies one point.
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Residue Traitement des Trattamentodei Tratamento de Tratamiento A collective term for actions taken to eliminate slash from
Treatment rémanents residui resı́duos de restos de logging operations in order to make land available for
corta regeneration. Four different techniques are commonly used:
Grinding – to crush and cut woody debris into small chips
for dispersion over the ground or for sale as fuel (for
example to be used for heating). Site Preparation Burning
- A type of prescribed burn that is lit to remove slash
left after logging burned timber. The purpose of a site
preparation burn is to prepare an area for regeneration
activities. Stockpiling – the creation of a stored supply away
from the site that has been logged to be used for one or more
purposes in the future. Windrowing – piling woody debris
into long continuous parallel rows.
Resilience Résilience Resilienza Resiliência Resliliencia The ability of an ecosystem or species to return to its
original state after being affected by a wildfire.
Resources Ressources Risorse Recursos Recursos Personnel, equipment, services and supplies which are
either available or potentially available for assignment to
a wildfire incident.
Responsibility Responsabilité Responsabilità Responsabilidade Responsabilidad A duty or obligation to satisfactorily perform or complete
en la ejecución an assignment. Responsibility can be delegated.
de la tarea
Resprouter rejet de souche Ricaccio/ Espécies Rebrote A young shoot that emerges after a bud located on a stump
pollone que regeneram remained alive after a wildfire.
vegetativamente
Restoration Restauration Ripristino Recuperação Restauración A collective term for any actions taken to reduce
and manage the impacts of a wildfire on a particular
environment.
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Restricted area Zone restreinte Area ad Área restrita Área An area in which specified activities or entry are
accesso restringida temporarily or permanently restricted in order to mitigate
limitato risk to human health or safety by potential or on-going
wildfires. A restricted area may also be temporarily or
permanently established in order to reduce the risk of a
wildfire igniting within a specified location.
Retardants Retardants Ritardanti Retardantes Retardantes A group of chemicals that are usually mixed with water
which have the ability to reduce or inhibit combustion
either in the long or short term: Long-term retardants
- have the ability to reduce or inhibit combustion even
after the water that they contain has evaporated. Short-
term retardants – are primarily used to inhibit combustion
through the more immediate cooling and / or smothering
of a fire.
Retention Étang/ bassin Stagno/ Bacia de Embalse de A permanent storage basin for runoff water.
pond/ basin de rétention bacino retenção retención
Ridge Billon Cresta Cume Cresta A narrow, pointed crest formed by two opposing slopes.
Ridge planting Plantation sur Messa a Socalco para Plantación en The action of planting seedlings or young trees on a long,
billon dimora a plantação caballones narrow crest of excavated soil. Ridges for planting are
strisce (regos) commonly created using the slice thrown up by a plough.
Ridgeline ligne de crêtes Crinale Cumeada Cuerda A long, narrow chain of hills or mountains.
montañosa.
Ring burn Brûlage Accensione ad Queima em Quema A fire started by igniting the full perimeter of the intended
circulaire anello cı́rculo circular burn area so that the ensuing fire fronts converge toward
the centre of the burn.
Risk Risque Rischio Risco Riesgo The probability of a hazardous event occurring and the
potential outcome/ consequences of that hazardous event.
Risk is calculated using the following equation:
Risk = probability of occurrence x potential impact
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Risk Evaluation du Valutazione Avaliação de Evaluación de The process of establishing information regarding
assessment risque del rischio risco riesgos acceptable levels of risk and actual levels of risk posed
to an individual, group, society or the environment. The
process involves the identification of risk, an assessment of
probability and an assessment of potential impact.
Risk Gestion du Gestione del Gestão do risco Gestión de A process involving the systematic application of policies,
management risque rischio riesgos procedures and practices to identify, analyse, evaluate,
manage, control, communicate and monitor risks.
River Rivière Fiume Rio Rı́o A larger body of flowing water with a clearly defined valley.
Rivers empty into a sea, ocean, lake, or other body of
water and are usually fed along their course by converging
tributaries.
Rock fall Eboulement Frane Escarpa/ Caı́da de Where stones or rocks fall down a slope. Wildfires increase
Queda de piedras the risk of rock falls on slopes because the fire burns
rochas and removes vegetation which enhances slope stability.
Personnel working to restore land after wildfires need to
assess and manage the risk of rock falls to prevent injury.
Role regression Régression de Regressione Regressão de Regreso a When an individual reverts back to behaviour and actions
rôle del ruolo papel posición that are characteristic of a past role they once held. For
anterior instance, this could be a team leader reverting back to the
behaviour and actions required of a fire fighter.
Role rotation Rotation de Rotazione Rotação de Rotación de The act or process of periodically changing the assignments
rôle ruoli missão puestos provided to individuals working at a wildfire incident to
ensure adequate rest breaks and appropriate variety in the
physical and mental intensity of tasks completed by all team
members.
Root sucker Drageon Pollone Raiz gemı́fera Brote de raı́z o A young shoot that grows after a bud a located on a root.
radicale renuevo
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Rotor Souffle du Vento causato Downwash Deflexión del Movement of air caused by the rotation of the principal
downwash rotor dal rotore por rotor de aire causada rotor of a helicopter during landing or take-off. When there
helicóptero por el rotor is loose material on the ground (such as ash or sand), the
rotor downwash creates an opaque cloud which surrounds
the helicopter and which totally or partially reduces the
visibility for the pilot. This situation also makes individuals
on the ground vulnerable to the risk of flying fragments of
various sizes.
Running fire Feu courant Incendio a Incêndio Fuego en A fire that is rapidly spreading with a well-defined head.
propagazione ativo rápido progresión
rapida (incêndio
com rápida
propagação)
Rural-Urban Environnement Ambiente di Interface Entorno de The zone of transition between rural land and human
Interface d’interface interfaccia urbano-rural interfaz rural- settlements.
(RUI) rurale-urbaine rurale-urbana urbana (RUI)
environment (IRU) (RUI)
Saddle col Valico/ sella Colos Puerto de A depression between two hills or mountains, so-called
montaña because of its similarity to the shape of a horse riding
saddle. Wind is often funnelled and intensified between
the two hills of a saddle. Saddles are therefore dangerous
topographical features because they can support extreme
fire behaviour.
Safe area Zone de Area sicura Zona de Área segura An identified area of safety where people can find refuge.
sécurité segurança The identification of a safe area is a key element of the
LACES safety protocol.
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Safe systems of Systèmes Sistemi di Sistema de Procedimientos A formal procedure which results from systematic
work sécurisés de valutazione dei trabalho seguros de examination of a task in order to identify potential hazards
travail rischi seguro trabajo and risks. The resulting document produced will describe
the safest way(s) of completing a task to ensure hazards are
eliminated or that risks are controlled as far as possible.
Safety Sécurité Sicurezza Segurança Seguridad When exposure to hazards has been controlled to an
acceptable level.
Safety Officer Officier Responsabile Oficial de Oficial de An officer appointed to manage risk.
sécurité della sicurezza segurança seguridad
Safety release Largage de Sgancio di Largada de Descarga de A release of water or retardant over a vehicle or group of
sécurité sicurezza segurança seguridad individuals in difficulty on the ground for the purpose of
reducing the intensity of the fire to enable the personnel to
escape.
Sand dunes Dunes de sable Dune sabbiose Dunas de areia Dunas de Accumulations of sand forming undulating hills along
arena coastal shores. They are formed by sand deposited by the
wind and are predominantly populated by grasses shrubs.
Satellite Système de Sistema di Sistema de Sistema de A wildfire detection system which operates via a satellite.
detection détection par rilevazione deteção por detección por
system satellite satellitare satélite satélite
Scale Echelle Scala Escala Escala The relationship between distance on a map and actual
distance on the Earth’s surface. Scale may be represented
by words, a ratio or fraction, or a divided bar. Maps showing
a small area in a high level of detail are referred to as large
scale, while maps showing a large area with low level of
detail are called small scale.
Scar Cicatrice Cicatrice Cicatriz Huella del The overall shape and size of the area burned by a wildfire;
(segno) incendio or, A healing or healed injury or wound to woody vegetation
which has been caused or accentuated by fire.
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Scene Scène - Cena Escena The general physical location of a wildfire which is
determined to be important to a fire investigation due to
the potential existence of evidence.
Scene Investigation Zona di Investigação Investigación Every scene investigation should begin with a preliminary
Investigation de la scène indagine do local de de la escena scene assessment and then be followed with a detailed scene
inı́cio examination.
Preliminary scene assessment - The investigation of a
wildfire scene should begin with a preliminary scene
assessment. The key actions of the preliminary scene
assessment are to observe and preserve. More specifically,
investigators will: determine the size of the fire; determine
the necessary scope of the investigation; approximately
reconstruct the movement of the fire and determine the
area of origin; consider the health and safety implications
of the investigation; and, consider the resource implications
of the entire investigation.
Scene examination – The thorough exploration,
investigation and analysis of the physical location of
a wildfire.
Scene Gestion des Gestione delle Gestão do local Protección del The process of maintaining the integrity and security
management lieux scene do cenário: área de inicio of the scene of a wildfire to prevent contamination,
restrição de destruction, manipulation or loss of evidence which could
acesso ou be important to a fire investigation. One common aspect
isolamento of scene management at all wildfire incidents should be the
do local do implementation of measures to limit and record access to
incêndio particular areas of the scene.
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Scientific Méthode Metodo Método Método The systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the
method scientifique scientifico cientı́fico cientı́fico recognition and formulation of a problem, the collection
of data through observation and experiment, and the
formulation and testing of a hypothesis.
Scorch Roux Scottatura Chamuscada Chamuscado Plant foliage with a “browned” appearance that has been
(queimada) killed but not consumed by fire.
Scorch height Hauteur de Altezza di Altura da Altura del The maximum vertical height, measured from the base of a
roussissement scottatura queima chamuscado tree to the tree crown, at which lethal scorching of foliage
has occured. Below this height, all needles/ leaves are brown
and dead; above this height, all needles/ leaves are live and
green.
Scratch line Ligne de - Faixa de Lı́nea A preliminary control line that has been hastily constructed
rayure controle preliminar as an emergency measure to prevent fire spread.
preliminar
Scree Eboulis Ghiaione Amontoados Canchal An unstable mound of angular pieces of rock found at or
rochosos near the base of a cliff or steep slope.
Scrubland Garrigue (ou Arbusteto Arvoredo Matorral Area of mixed vegetation predominantly consisting of
maquis) (Macchia) shrubs, bushes and grasses. Scrubland may be found on
the fringes of other fuel types, but it may also be found in
isolated pockets within other fuel types.
Sea breeze Brise de mer Brezza di mare Brisa marı́tima Brisa marina A daytime breeze in which cooler, higher pressure air from
over coastal waters moves on shore to replace heated air
rising off the warmer land mass.
Search Motifs de Modelli di Padrões de Método de A systematic approach/ technique for looking for evidence
patterns recherche ricerca pesquisa las evidencias at the scene of a wildfire.
fı́sicas
Sector Secteur Settore Setor Sector A specific area of an incident which is under the control of
a Sector Commander.
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Sector Chef de secteur Comandante Comandante Jefe de sector An individual given the responsibility for commanding a
Commander di settore de Setor sector at a wildfire incident.
Sector leader Chef de secteur Responsabile Comandante Jefe de Sector Responsible of a sector during suppression activities.
di settore de setor
Seed Semence Seme Semente Semilla Unitary element of dissemination of a plant embryo. This
may be a seed, or seed enclosed in a fruit that does not
open, or a seed adhering to a fragment of fruit.
Seed lot Lot de graines Lotto di semi Lote de Lote de A set of seeds used in a nursery for raising seedlings. If the
sementes semillas seeds are from the same source (same stand or same region
of origin), then the lot may have a certificate of origin.
Seedling Plant / semis Semenzale Plântula/ Plántula A young plant shoot of one or a few years. Seedlings may
muda be raised in a nursery or naturally in situ.
Seedling Qualité des Qualità del Qualidade das Calidad de An assessment of the state of the root and aerial parts of a
quality plants semenzale mudas (das plántula plant. Seedling quality will depend upon the quality of the
plântulas) treatment and environment within the environment that
the seedling grew (i.e. nursery or natural environment) and
will have a direct influence on rate of recovery. lready in
Topography.
Seizure of Recueillement Sequestro di Apreensão de Custodia de The removal of evidence from the scene of a suspected
evidence de preuves prove evidências pruebas crime. Each country will have specific laws regarding who
is legally allowed to seize and store evidence.
Semi- Système de Sistema di Sistema Sistema de A detection system which is partially operated by itself and
automatic détection semi- rilevamento de deteção detección partially operated by manual control.
detection automatique semiautomatico semiautomático semiautomático
system
Sending nation Etat Nazione Nação que Nación que In the context of HNS the Participating State providing its
participant inviante envia aporta medios modules/ teams and /or other capacities, including in-kind
à l’assistance de refuerzo assistance
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Sensor Capteur Sensore Sensor Sensor A device that measures physical quantities and then
converts them into a signal which can be interpreted by
a person or instrument. Infrared and optical sensors are
common components of wildfire detection systems.
Serial arson Incendies Incendiario Incendiário em Incendiario When an individual sets multiple arson fires at the same
criminels en seriale série reincidente or different locations with an emotional cooling-off period
série between the fires.
Serotinous containeur Strobilo Contentor Piñas o conos A naturally occurring seed cone or hull that is coated in
seed container de semance serotino serótinas/os wax. This wax coating enables the seed cone to remain
sérotineuses closed and dormant for several years and will only be
opened after intense heat (such as that produced by a
wildfire).
Server Serveur Server Servidor Servidor A computer or computer programme that manages access
to a central service or resource within a computer network.
Three examples of different servers commonly found within
prevention and detection systems include: Database server -
a computer or computer programme that provides database
services to computer connected to a network. File server – a
computer or computer programme that enables the storage
and retrieval of computer files by computers connected to a
network. Print server – a computer or computer programme
that connects printers to computers that are connected to
a network.
Shaded Zone brûlée - Aceiro Área A linear path through a forested area in which surface and
fuelbreak ombrée ensombrado cortafuegos canopy fuel has been altered but where significant overstory
bajo arbolado is retained to shade surface fuel.
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Shock Choc Shock Choque Shock A life threatening condition that occurs when the body’s
vital organs, such as the brain and heart, are deprived of
oxygen due to a problem affecting the circulatory system.
The most common cause of shock is blood loss but it can
also be caused by other fluid loss such as vomiting or severe
burns.
Short-term Retardateurs à Ritardanti a Retardantes de Retardantes a Short term retardants are primarily used to inhibit
retardants court terme breve termine curto prazo corto plazo combustion through an immediate cooling and / or
smothering of a fire. Short term retardants may include
chemicals added to water that alter viscosity and / or which
delay evaporation.
Shrub Arbuste Arbusto Arbusto Arbusto A woody perennial plant characterised by its low stature
and habit of branching from the base. Shrubs normally
contain a high quantity of fine fuels.
Silviculture Sylviculture Selvicoltura Silvicultura Selvicultura The art and science of controlling the establishment,
(silvicultura) growth, composition, health, and quality of forests and
woodlands to meet the multitude of purposes and values
of landowners and society.
Site Préparation de Preparazione Preparação do Preparación All actions taken to prepare an area of land for regeneration
preparation site del sito local del terreno activities following a wildfire.
Situational Appréciation Consapevolezza Consciência Conciencia The perception of the surrounding environment within
awareness de la situation della situacional situacional the context of both time and space. It includes the
situazione comprehension of meaning of observed phenomena and
patterns. It also includes the projection and prediction of
what will happen within the surrounding environment in
the future.
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Slash Rémanents Ramaglia/ Resı́duos de Restos o Debris left lying on the ground after logging, pruning or
residui di exploração residuos thinning operations within woodland. Slash may consist of
lavorazione florestal forestales both course and fine fuels and sometimes forms a significant
surface fuel.
Sleeper fire Feu dormant Fuoco Fogo dormente Fuego latente A fire that remains dormant for a period of time.
dormiente
Sling load Cargaison Carico sospeso Carga Carga Any cargo carried beneath a helicopter which is attached
suspendue (à suspensa suspendida by a line and swivel.
l’élingue)
Slit planting Plantation - Plantação em Plantación por Placing a seedling in a cut made in the soil by a spade,
.au coup buraco filas mattock, or planting bar, then closing the cut (often by
de pioche/ applying pressure with a foot).
plantation en
pente
Slope Pente Pendenza Declive Pendiente An incline of the ground.
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Slope effect Effet de pente Effetto della Efeito de Efecto de Variations in fire behaviour induced by slope. Slope can
pendenza declive pendiente both support and hinder fire spread and development and
the angle of the slope will have an important influence on
the degree of effect.
The following descriptions explain the general slope effect
that would be expected from a fire spreading upslope and
a fire spreading down slope: Fires spreading upslope –The
flames of a fire spreading upslope will be angled towards
the unburned fuel above it which will pre-heat the fuel
in front of the advancing fire. This pre-heating increases
combustibility and rate of spread for fires travelling
upslope. Fires spreading down slope - The flames of fires
burning down slope will be angled away from the fuel and
will, therefore, not preheat the fuel in front of the fire.
Consequently, the effect of slope on a fire burning down
slope is a reduction in combustibility and rate of spread.
Slope wind Vent des pente Brezza di Ventos locais Vientos Highly localised convective winds that are caused by local
pendio topográficos heating and cooling of a natural incline of the ground.
locales There are two types of slope winds: Anabatic winds –
Upslope winds. Anabatic winds occur when daytime solar
radiation heats air at lower elevations causing it to flow
upslope. Katabatic winds – Down slope winds. Katabatic
winds occur when air at higher elevations is cooled (often at
night) and is subsequently pulled down slope by the force
of gravity.
Slope-driven Feu Incendio Incêndio Incendio A fire or part of a fire that is spread predominantly by the
fire stimulé par guidato dalla topográfico topográfico direction and angle of a slope.
la pente pendenza
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Smoke Fumée Fumo Fumo Humo Particles of solids and liquids which are produced by the
combustion process and which are suspended within the
air/ atmosphere.
Smouldering Combustion Combustione Combustão Combustión Low intensity combustion with no flame and little or no fire
combustion couvante solida lenta sin llama spread.
Smouldering Feu couivant Combustione Fogo Fuego latente A fire burning without flame and barely spreading.
fire senza fiamma subterrâneo
(com
combustão
lenta)
Snag Obstacle Albero morto Árvore morta Tronco A standing dead tree or part of a dead tree. Unstable snags
quemado can pose serious safety hazards to suppression personnel.
Snorkel tank Réservoir Serbatoio Tanque com Tanque con A tank with a pump-driven tube attached to the underside
avec tuyau ventrale aspiração manguera de of a helicopter. To reload with water, the helicopter hovers
d’aspiration succión over a water source with the end of the snorkel immersed.
The pump then fills the tank.
Software Logiciel Software Programas Software The programmes that control the functioning of hardware.
Software can be divided into two sub-categories: Systems
software – all software necessary for a system to function,
such as a computer operating system. Applications software
– all programmes that enable the user of a system
to complete a specific task, such as a word processor
programme on a computer.
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Soil Compactage Compattazione Compactação Compactación The compression of soil due to the passage of foot
compaction du sol del suolo do solo del suelo traffic, equipment and vehicles. Soil compaction can occur
during wildfire suppression operations and restoration,
rehabilitation and regeneration activities. Soil compaction
can be a severe problem because it decreases the natural
porosity of the soil which reduces productivity and increases
susceptibility to erosion.
Solar radiation Rayonnement Radiazione Radiação solar Radiación Energy emitted by the sun which indirectly heats the
solaire solare solar earth’s surface. Solar radiation has a significant influence
on weather.
Sooting Indicateurs de Nerofumo, Depósitos de Manchas de Black carbon deposited on objects found in the path of a
indicators suie indicatori di fuligem hollı́n fire which is produced by incomplete combustion. Generally
speaking, deposits of soot will be heavier on the side of an
object which faces an oncoming fire. Soot can therefore be
used to interpret the direction of fire spread.
Source Graine Sementi Fontes de Fuente de A seed lot or plant derived from a defined source that is
identified identifiée à (piante) da sementes semilla registered by a designated authority.
seed (plant) la source fonte indicata (planta) (planta)
identificada
Spalling Indicateurs Indicatori di Indicadores de Vestigio de Shallow craters or chips that occur on the surface of rocks
indicators d’effritement fessurazione queima rotura en las that have been exposed to heat. Spalling will generally
rocas appear on the side of a rock that has been exposed to flames
and can therefore be used to interpret the direction of fire
spread.
Span of control Etendue des Capacità di Capacidade de Capacidad The number of subordinates that a manager or team leader
responsabilités controllo del controlo de control is expected to supervise.
personale de personal
assegnato asignado
Spark Etincelle Scintilla Faı́sca Chispa An ignited particle thrown from burning material.
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Specific Area Zone d’origine - Área especı́fica Área de origen An area of approximately 5’ x 5’ where a wildfire was first
of Origin spécifique de origem influenced by wind, slope or fuel load. The Specific Area of
Origin will contain the transition zone between advancing
and backing fire indicators.
Spider Pelle araignée Escavatori Escavadora Retroaraña An excavator with articulated legs which can work on and
excavator ragno tipo aranha travel over steep slopes that are inaccessible to excavators
with wheels or tracks.
Spot Fire Feu disséminé Focolaio Foco Foco A fire outside the main fire perimeter which is caused
secondario secundário secundario by flying embers transported by the wind or convection
column.
Spot planting Plantation en Impianto a Zona de Plantación en Planting within areas that have been pre-prepared by
potet buche plantação hoyos digging holes for the plants (seed spot) and then refilling the
holes with loose soil to promote better root development.
Holes may be created manually (for instance, using a
mattock) or mechanically (for instance, using an excavator).
Spotting Sautes de feu Salto di fuoco Formação Producción Fire behaviour characterised by sparks and embers that
de focos de focos are transported through the air by the wind or convection
secundários/ secundarios column. Spotting can be classified as short range or long
Projeções range and can represent a significant risk to fire suppression
personnel.
Spree arson Incendies Piromane Incêndiario Incendiario When an individual sets multiple arson fires at separate
criminels reincidente locations with no emotional cooling-off period between the
enchaı̈nés fires.
Spring Source Sorgente Nascente Manantial A point at which water emerges from the ground. Springs
often lead to the formation of water channels.
Staging area Zone de transit - Zona de Apoio Área de espera Locations set up at an incident where resources can be
placed while awaiting a tactical assignment.
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Staging area Chef de la zone - Responsável Jefe del área de The ICS position responsible for supervising a staging area.
manager de transit pela Zona de espera
Apoio
Staining Indicateurs de Indicatori di Indicadores de Indicadores de Yellow to dark brown stains that are caused by the
indicators coloration incendio coloração coloración condensation of hot gases, resins and oils on the surface
of non-combustible objects (for instance, rocks). The stains
often feel tacky to touch and may be covered by a layer
of white ash. Stains will appear on the side of the object
which has been exposed to flames. Staining can therefore
be used to interpret the direction of fire spread.
Stand Bouquet Soprassuolo Povoamento Rodal Trees of one type or species grouped together within
woodland.
Standard Mode Procedure Protocolo de Procedimientos SOPs are written instructions that detail the necessary
Operating opératoire operative atuação Operativos steps that must be taken when completing a particular
Procedures normalisé standard process or activity. The purpose of a SOP is to ensure that
(SOPs) (POS) a particular process or activity is always carried out safely,
effectively and in the same manner.
Standing Fuel Combustible Combustibile Combustı́vel Combustible Part of vegetation, living or dead, that is supported by a
debout verticale fixo en pie stem, branch or trunk.
Statutory Responsabilité statutaire
Responsabilità Responsabilidade Responsabilidad A legal obligation to satisfactorily perform or complete a
responsibility legale estatutária legal particular task related to wildfire suppression or prevention.
Stop Stop Stop Abortar Abortar, An instruction to terminate a planned aerial manoeuvre.
detener The standard instruction for terminating a water drop
from a water bomber or helicopter is “Don’t release! Don’t
release!”
Stoss slope Pente au vent Versante Encosta a Pendiente a A slope that faces the direction of the general wind. A stoss
sopravento barlavento barlovento slope is the opposite of a lee slope.
Stream Ruisseau Ruscello Riacho Arroyo, A smaller body of flowing water which is normally a
riachuelo tributary to a larger body of flowing water.
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Stress Stress Stress Stress Estrés The harmful physical or psychological reactions that occur
when people are subject to excessive demands, unrealistic
expectations and / or threatening situations. Signs of stress
may be cognitive, emotional, physical and / or behavioural.
Stressor Contrainte Stressante Fator de Stress Factor de An event or stimulus that induces stress.
estrés
Stump Souche Ceppaia Toco Tocón The woody base of a tree that remains in the ground after
felling. Stumps are common slip, trip and fall hazards at
wildfire incidents.
Stump hole Trou de souche Cavità da Buraco Hoyo de tocón A hole in the ground, sometimes containing smouldering
ceppaia originado embers, which is formed when the woody base of a tree is
pelo toco burned. Stump holes are common burn and slip, trip and
queimado fall hazards at wildfire incidents.
Stump removal Dessouchage Rimozione Remoção de Destoconado The deliberate extraction or destruction of tree stumps left
ceppaie coto in the ground after a wildfire and / or logging operation.
Stumps are removed for multiple reasons, but two of the
most common are to facilitate reforestation operations and
to limit the spread of diseases present within root systems.
Stump sprout Pousse de Ricaccio da Ramo a brotar Brote de cepa A young shoot that grows from a root crown after a tree
souche ceppaie stump has remained alive following the passage of a wildfire.
Stump sprouting is a specific example of a fire adaptation
by some species.
Sub-soiling Sous solage Ripuntatura o Mobilizar o Subsolado The process of breaking down the structure of the soil
scarificatura solo to make it more favourable to plant roots. Sub-soiling is
usually achieved through the use of mechanised tools.
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Succession Succession Successione Sucessão Sucesión The evolution of plant communities within an area of land.
The process begins with the arrival of pioneer species
and concludes with the establishment of a stable climax
community. A gradual and progressive replacement of plant
species is observed during the process of succession.
Suction hose Tuyau Tubo di Mangueira de Manguera de A semi-flexible and non-collapsible hose used to move water
d’aspiration aspirazione sucção succión by means of suction from a static source, such as a pond,
pool or storage tank, to a pump.
Summit Sommet Cima Cumeada Cumbre The top or highest point of a hill or mountain.
Supplies Fournitures Rifornimenti Mantimentos/ Suministros de Minor items of equipment and all expendable items
abastecimentos logı́stica assigned to an incident.
Supply area Zone Area di Área de Área de The location where the primary logistics functions and
d’approvisionnement
rifornimento abastecimentos suministros supplies required for a wildfire incident are temporarily
stored, coordinated and administered.
Suppression Suppression Estinzione Supressão Extinción All work involved in controlling and extinguishing a
wildfire.
Suppression Extinction Uso del fuoco Fogo de Fuego técnico the technical use of fire in the context of fighting rural fires
fire d’incendie nell’attacco supressão comprising tactical fire and backfire when carried out under
indiretto the responsibility of the Incident Commander
Supression Allumage Accensione Fogo de Fuego técnico The technical use of fire in the context of fire fighting
Firing d’extinction tattica supressão (fighting rural fires) comprising tactical fire and backfire
when carried out under the responsibility of the Incident
Commander.
Surface fire Feu de surface Fuoco radente Incêndio de Fuego de A fire that burns within the surface fuel layer.
superfı́cie superficie
Surface fuel Combustible Combustibile Combustı́vel Combustible Any fuels found at a height of 0-0.5 metres above the ground
de surface di superficie de superfı́cie de superficie surface.
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Swamp Marais Palude Pântano Pantano A vegetated area that is permanently flooded. Unlike most
other areas of land which are temporarily or permanently
flooded by water, swamps may contain dense woody
vegetation.
Swivel Pivot Giunto Giratório Rótula A connector which is positioned between a helicopter cargo
girevole hook and sling load to allow free turning of a load.
Symbol Symbole Simbolo Sı́mbolo Sı́mbolo A character, letter or graphic used on a map to indicate the
presence of an object or characteristic.
System Système Sistema Sistema Sistema An assembly of components connected together in an
organized way to achieve a particular purpose.
System Fonctionnalité du Funzionalità Funcionalidade Funcionalidad The range of operations or actions that can be run by a
functionality système del sistema do sistema de un sistema system.
System Intégration du Integrazione di Integração do Integración de The process of combining multiple systems into one system.
integration système sistemi sistema sistemas
System Gestionnaire Operatore di Operador do Operador de An individual who is responsible for operating and / or
operator du réseau sistema sistema un sistema maintaining a computer system or communication network.
Tactical fire Feu tactique Fuoco tattico Fogo tático Fuego táctico The use of fire in the context of wildland firefighting,
consisting of the ignition of a fire along a support zone
with the aim of reducing the availability of fuel and thereby
reducing the intensity of the fire, terminate or correct the
extinction of a buffer zone so as to reduce the likelihood
of recurrence or create a safety zone for the protection of
persons and property.
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Tactical Vigie tactique Vedetta tattica Vigia tático Observador A person with an advanced understanding of wildfire
lookout / Oficial de táctico behaviour who acts as a safety officer at a wildfire incident.
segurança He/ she will observe the fire and the action of teams
involved in fire suppression. He/ she will maintain close
communication with suppression teams and supervisors and
will be responsible for ensuring the safety of all individuals
present at the incident. Lookouts are a key element of the
LACES safety protocol.
Tactics Tactiques de Tattica Táticas Táctica The deployment of resources at a wildfire incident to
largage achieve the aims of a strategic plan.
Tail of the fire Queue du feu Coda Cauda ou Cola del The rear most part of a wildfire/f orest fire, it is normally
dell’incendio Retaguarda incendio out of alignment with wind and slope, and consequently
will usually demonstrate less fire activity than the head fire
because it usually has less support from wind or slope.
Take-off and Coordinateur Coordinatore Coordenador Coordinador A TOLC is responsible for maintaining safety within
landing de décollage et di decollo e di de descolagem de despegue y helipad airspace. The TOLC coordinates all aircraft
coordinator d’atterrissage atterraggio e aterragem aterrizaje movements by issuing take-off and landing clearances and
(TOLC) (CDA ou air traffic advisories.
TOLC)
Target Cible Bersaglio Alvo Objetivo Specific location on which water, retardant, personnel or
equipment are to be dropped by an aircraft.
Team Equipe Squadra Equipa Equipo A group of individuals tasked with working together on an
assignment.
Team leader Chef d’équipe Caposquadra Chefe de Capataz o Responsible of a team (with one fire engine).
AIB equipa responsable de
cuadrilla de
tierra
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Team member Equipier Membro di Membro da Peón de Member of a team.
squadra AIB equipa cuadrilla de
tierra
Team Chef d’équipe Capo squadra Chefe de Capataz o jefe A person who manages the actions, assignments and safety
supervisor equipa de equipo of a team.
Technical fire Feu technique Tecnica di uso Fogo Técnico Fuego técnico Technical fire means the use of fire involving Prescribed
del fuoco Burning components and Suppression Firing
Temperature Température Temperatura Temperatura Temperatura The degree or intensity of heat present in a substance or
object. Temperature is expressed using a comparative scale
(usually degrees Celsius or degrees Fahrenheit).
Temporary Restriction Restrizione Restrição Restricción Temporary notices that are imposed by Air Traffic Control
Flight temporaire de temporanea di temporária de temporal de to limit flight activity within an area of airspace due to
Restriction vol volo voo vuelo hazards present in the air or on the land surface (for
(TFR) instance, a large wildfire incident).
Terrace Terrasse Terrazza Terraço Terraza An area of flat ground which is set into or onto a steep
slope.
Terrestrial Système de Sistema di Sistema de Sistema de A wildfire detection system which is operated from the
detection détection avvistamento detecção detección Earth’s surface.
system terrestre terrestre terrestre terrestre
Test burn Brûlage test Prova di Queima de Quema de A small burn which is ignited to observe and evaluate fire
combustione teste prueba behaviour prior to igniting a larger operational or managed
burn.
Thematic map Carte Mappa Mapa temático Mapa temático A map which shows data concerning one or more specific
thématique tematica themes or subjects which is connected to a particular
geographical area. Some relevant examples include maps
presenting land use and maps presenting rainfall.
Thermal Capteur Sensori termici Sensores Sensores A sensor that detects variations in temperature.
sensors thermique térmicos térmicos
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Thermograph Thermographe Termografo Termógrafo Termógrafo A thermometer that automatically and continuously
records air temperature on a chart.
Thermometer Thermomètre Termometro Termómetro Termómetro An instrument used to measure air temperature.
Thinning Eclaircie Diradamento Desbaste Clara Thinning is a term used in forest science to mean the
removal of some trees to make room for the growth of
others. Thinning type affects vertical fuel continuity and
crown fire potential. It includes low (thinning from below),
crown (thinning from above) and selective thinning. All
the three types reduce average canopy bulk densitybut
their influence on canopy structure differ; for example,
low thinning increases the canopy base height, while
crown and selective thinning do not (Agee and Skinner
2005). Thinning intensity affects directly the horizontal
fuel continuity and indirectly the flammability potential
(e.g., by increasing soil water content after tree removal;
Compostella and ovino 2009).
Time lag Décalage Tempo di Tempo de Tiempo de The amount of time necessary for a dead fuel particle to
ritardo retardação retardo lose or gain 63 percent of the difference between its initial
moisture content and its equilibrium moisture content at a
constant temperature and relative humidity.
Timing Evaluation Cronometraggio Cronometragem Cronometraje A method used by navigators to estimate distance. Prior
du temps de to commencing travel between two points, a navigator
parcours will measure the ground distance and then calculate the
expected time required to cover that distance. If the route
to be travelled will involve an increase or decrease in
elevation, further calculations should be made to account
for the degree to which slope will influence time of travel
(see, for instance, Naismith’s Rule).
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Topographical Carte Mappa Mapa Mapa A map produced for the principle purpose of portraying
map topographique topografica topográfico topográfico and identifying the shape and features of the land surface.
Topographical Vent Vento Vento Viento When the direction and / or speed of a meteorological wind
wind topographique topografico topográfico topográfico is altered by the topography of the landscape. Importantly,
topographical winds are a general wind adaptation and they
occur on a larger scale than more localised slope winds.
Topography Topographie Topografia Topografia Topografı́a The description and study of the shape and features of the
land surface.
Torching Incendie Torching Incêndio de Fuego de A fire that burns from the ground through the surface and
copas passivo antorcha aerial fuels and into the crown of a single tree or small
parcel of trees.
Torching index Indice Indice di Índice de Índice de The open wind speed at which some kind of crown fire is
d’inflammation torching passagem às entorchamiento expected to initiate.
copas
Transit nation Etat de transit Nazione di Nação de Nación de paso A State through which territory a sending nation transports
passaggio Trânsito its assistance
Transition Zone de Zona di Zona de Zona de An area where the spread of a fire changes direction.
zone transition transizione transição transición Transition zones can be identified by changes in the
appearance of indicators.
Treatment of Traitement de Ripulitura Tratamento da Tratamiento A collective term for all actions taken to limit the
vegetation végétation vegetação de la development of unwanted vegetation that competes with
vegetación planted species being (re)introduced following a wildfire.
Tree Arbre Albero Árvore Árbol A tree is a perennial woody plant with a single main stem
or trunk which supports branches above the ground. Trees
usually have a distinctive crown.
Triangulation Triangulation Triangolazione Triangulação Triangulación A method which uses two known coordinates to determine
the coordinates of a third location.
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Triangulation Station de Caposaldo Vértice Vértice A permanently marked and fully documented control
station triangulation (Stazione di geodésico geodésico station whose position on the Earth’s surface has been
(ou point triangolazione) established to a high accuracy both absolutely and in
géodésique) relative terms to other adjacent stations by means of
angular or electronic distance measurement. Triangulation
stations form the foundation on which all survey and
mapping techniques are based.
Tributary Affluent Affluente Afluente Afluente A stream or river that flows into another larger stream,
river or lake. Tributaries do not flow directly into a sea or
ocean.
Trigger point Seuil de Punto critico Ponto crı́tico Umbral A pre-designated point in time or place whereby a predicted
déclenchement change in fire behaviour will influence tactical decision-
making. For instance, if a wildfire reaches a particular
trigger point on the landscape, the Incident Commander
may decide it is necessary to adopt alternative tactics in
order to maintain safety and effectiveness.
True North Nord Vero nord Norte Norte The direction from any point on the Earth’s surface to the
géographique verdadeiro verdadero geographic north pole
(norte
geográfico)
Turbulence Turbulence Turbolenza Turbulência Turbulencia Irregular movement of air within the atmosphere which
is characterized by rapid changes in wind speed, vertical
direction and / or horizontal direction.
Turnaround Délai Tempo di Intervalo entre Intervalo entre The period of time separating two releases by the same
time d’exécution rotazione descargas descargas water bombing aircraft. The turnaround time is given in
minutes and will depend upon the distance between the
wildfire and the reloading site (for retardant) or body of
water.
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UAV - UAV Veı́culo Aéreo Vehı́culo aéreo Unmanned Aerial Vehicle or Drone, is an aerial vehicle
não Tripulado no tripulado without a human pilot on-board. The flight of the UAV
(VANT) is controlled by on-board computers or via a radio control
operator. Drones have multiple uses, but are normally used
for aerial reconnaissance at wildfires.
Understory Sous-bois Sottobosco Subcoberto Sotobosque Vegetation found beneath the canopy. Understory
vegetation is normally found growing or lying on the
ground.
Understory fire feu de sous- Incendio di Incêndio em Fuego de A fire that burns beneath a canopy of trees. It can occur
bois sottobosco subcoberto sotobosque during the course of a wildfire or may be a tactic for a
prescribed burn.
Uniform fuels Combustibles Combustibili Combustı́veis Combustibles Identical or consistent fuels distributed continuously across
uniformes uniformi homogéneos uniformes an area or landscape. It is usually easier to predict fire
behaviour for fires burning in uniform fuels than it is for
fire in mixed vegetation types.
Valley Vallée Valle Vale Valle An elongated depression between hills or mountains that
usually follows the course of a channel of water or ice.
The cross-section of a valley will usually resemble one of
two shapes: V-shaped valley – a valley that usually has
shallow sides and a cross-section that resembles the letter
“V”. V-shaped valleys are usually formed by the erosion of a
channel of flowing water. U-shaped valley – a type of valley
with steep walls and a broad floor, with a cross-section
resembling the letter “U”. U-shaped valleys are usually
formed by glacial erosion.
Valley breeze Brise de vallée Brezza di valle Brisa de vale Vientos de A localised upslope wind which occurs when the sun rapidly
valle heats the air within a valley causing it to rise upslope. A
reversal of this process may occur at night leading to a
mountain breeze.
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Vector layer Couche Strato Camada Capa vectorial A Geographic Information System (GIS) map layer made
vectorielle vettoriale vetorial up of points, lines or polygons, where each point consists of
an x coordinate defining its distance east of the map origin,
and a y coordinates defining it distance north. A helicopter
take-off and landing map layer would be stored as a series
of points; a road map layer as lines connecting points; and
a water body layer as polygons consisting of closed lines
connecting points.
Vegetation Végétation Vegetazione Vegetação Vegetación A term used to describe all forms of plant life.
Vehicle Classification Classificazione Classificação Clasificación Classification of firefighting vehicles operating on forest
Classification des véhicule del veicolo de Veı́culos de vehı́culos areas (www.forcip.eu):
(VC) (VC) (CV) (VC) Vehicle Maximum Maximum Total
Classification Width Turning Mass (t)
(m) Radius
(m)
V1 - 1st order > , >  > 
V2 - 2nd order  − , > , − 
V3 - 3rd order ≤ , ≥ ≤ ,
Visibility Visibilité Visibilità Visibilidade Visibilidad The greatest distance at which objects can be seen and
identified from the cockpit of an aircraft during flight.
Visibility can be reduced by cloud, smoke and darkness.
Water Aéronef Aerei Aeronave Aeronave de An aircraft capable of carrying and releasing a volume of
bombing bombardier antincendio bombardeira descarga de water or fire retardant. Water bombing aircraft can be fixed
aircraft d’eau agua wing aircraft (such as Canadair, Tracker and Bombardier)
or helicopters (with internal or external tanks or those able
to carry buckets).
Water channel Cours d’eau Canale Canal de água Canal de agua Natural or human constructed drainage features that
d’acqua normally contain flowing water. Some common examples
of water channels include streams, rivers, dykes and canals.
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Water filling Système de Sistema di Sistema de Sistema de A system designed to allow a helicopter to fill its internal
system for remplissage riempimento enchimento carga de or external tanks with water while in flight. A water filling
helicopters d’eau pour acqua per de água para agua para system will usually take the form of a fixed suction pump
hélicoptères elicotteri helicópteros helicópteros beneath the helicopter. To fill the water tank, the helicopter
pilot flies stationary over a body of water with the pump
submerged. Some systems incorporate a hydrofoil system
which allow for the tank to be filled up in moving flight at
low speed.
Water Safety Plan de Piano di Plano de Plan de A plan that is created to assure the safety of water
Plan sécurité de sicurezza segurança da seguridad bombing aircraft and other users of a body of water
l’eau rifornimento água/ plano en operaciones used for water filling. A water safety plan will commonly
aeromobili de segurança aéreas sobre el document the following types of arrangements: Measures to
dos pontos agua be implemented to inform users of a body of water about its
de água para use by water bombing aircraft. Systems and protocols for
abastecimento towing and salvage of water bombing aircraft that breaks
de aeronaves down on the water. Systems and protocols for providing
aid and assistance to the crew of a water bombing aircraft
which has broken down on the water.
Water source Source d’eau Sorgente Ponto de água Punto de agua Any natural or artificial body of water which can provide
d’acqua water to support of fire suppression operations. Common
examples of water sources include lakes, reservoirs, ponds,
rivers and streams.
Water table Nappe Livello freatico Nı́vel do lençol Nivel freático The upper level of groundwater. Soil below the water table
phréatique freático will be saturated. The level of the water table will vary due
to changing conditions.
Waypoint Point de repère Punti di sosta Ponto de Punto de A predefined intermediate location on a route of travel.
passagem referencia Waypoints are used to divide a journey into shorter sections
and are particularly important for long routes and for
routes over difficult and rough terrain.
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Weather Météorologie Tempo Condições Condiciones The state of the atmosphere at a given time and place
metereologico Meteorológicas atmosféricas / with respect to atmospheric stability, temperature, relative
/ Tempo meteorológicas humidity, wind speed, cloud cover and precipitation.
Weather Histoire Cronologia Histórico Meteorologı́a A description of the state of the atmosphere during the
history météorologique meteorologica Meteorológico previa hours, days or weeks preceding a wildfire.
Weather Station Stazione Estação Estación A collection of sensors and monitors which gathers, records
station météorologique metereologica meteorológica meteorológica and reports meteorological data. Weather stations may
be permanent structures or hand-held/ semi-portable/
portable units.
Weed growth Croissance Infestanti Plantas Maleza / Woody or herbaceous plants which are undesirable within
des mauvaises invasoras Malas hierbas a particular location because they compete with seedlings/
herbes plants that have been planted for a specific purpose (such
as regeneration, rehabilitation, afforestation, reforestation).
Weed removal Désherbage Rimozione Remoção de Eliminación de The action of eliminating competing vegetation around
delle infestanti invasoras malas hierbas plants or seedlings. Weed removal can be achieved
manually (using hand tools), mechanically (using a piece
of machinery) or chemically (through localised herbicide
spraying).
Wet line Ligne humide Zona bagnata Faixa de Lı́nea húmeda A line of water, or water mixed with fire fighting chemicals,
contenção which is sprayed along the ground to serve as a temporary
quı́mica control line from which to ignite an operational burn or to
stop a low-intensity fire.
Wetland Milieu humide Acquitrino Zona húmida Zona húmeda An area of land that is permanently saturated up to or very
near to the land surface.
Wetting agents Agents Bagnanti Agentes Humectantes Chemicals which, when added to water, decrease the surface
mouillants molhantes tension of the water and enable greater penetration into
fuels.
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White ash Indicateurs Cenere bianca Indı́cios de Indicadores de A by-product produced by complete combustion. A greater
indicators de cendres cinzas brancas ceniza blanca amount of white ash will be created on the sides of objects
blanches exposed to greater amounts of heat and flame, i.e. on the
side of a tree trunk which faced an advancing wildfire. Ash
indicators can degrade and lose reliability very quickly when
exposed to wind or moisture.
Wilderness Milieu sauvage Natura Região Espacio A wild, uncultivated, and largely uninhabited region, which
incontaminata selvagem/ natural may be vegetated or non-vegetated; and / or, An area of
Deserto/ Selva remarkable natural beauty and ecological diversity.
Wildfire Feu de forêt Incendio di Incêndio Incendio Any uncontrolled vegetation fire which requires a decision
vegetazione florestal forestal or action regarding suppression. Wildfires are commonly
classified according to size and / or impact upon
suppression resources.
Wildland Espaces Terra selvaggia Terreno com Medio natural An area in which development is essentially non-existent,
naturels vegetação except for the presence of basic infrastructure such as roads,
natural/ railroads and power lines. Any buildings and structures will
terreno be widely scattered.
florestal
Wildland- Environnement Interfaccia Ambiente Interfaz The zone of transition between wildland and human
Urban d’interface urbano foresta da Interface urbano- settlements and / or development.
Interface péri-urbaine (WUI) Urbano- forestal
(WUI) (IPU) Florestal
environment
Wind Vent Vento Vento Viento The horizontal movement of air relative to the surface of
the earth. Wind direction, wind speed and wind shift can
all influence fire behaviour, fire intensity, direction of travel
and rate of spread.
Wind direction Direction du La direzione Direção do Dirección del The direction from which the wind is blowing. A change in
vent del vento vento viento average wind direction is termed a “wind shift”.
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Wind drift Dérive due au Deriva da Desvio da Desvı́o de The effect of the wind on releases of water and retardant.
vent vento descarga la descarga For precise releases, pilots need to make a correction for
debido al wind drift. Generally speaking, the higher the release the
viento greater the potential drift.
Wind gust rafale de vent Raffica di Rajada de Ráfaga de A short burst of high speed wind.
vento vento viento
Wind shift Changement Cambio di Mudança de Cambio de A change in average wind direction.
de vent direzione del vento viento
vento
Wind speed vitesse du vent Velocità del Velocidade do Velocidad del The rate at which air moves horizontally past a particular
vento vento viento location at a particular point in time.
Wind-driven Feu Incendio Fogo Incendio A fire or part of a fire that is spread predominantly by the
fire stimulé par condizionato conduzido propagado por speed and direction of the wind.
le vent dal vento pelo vento el viento
Window of Fenêtre Finestra di Janela de Ventana de A period of time or location on the landscape when/ where
opportunity d’opportunité opportunità oportunidade oportunidad it will be particularly advantageous to adopt particular
suppression tactics.
Wireless Communication Comunicazone Comunicação Comunicación A system that transmits data using radio waves,
communication sans fil wireless sem fios inalámbrica microwaves or other types of electromagnetic waves. In
other words, a system that transmits data without the need
for physical mediums such as wires, cables or fibre optics.
Witness Déposition de Testimonianza Prova/ Pruebas Evidence provided by a person who observed a fire, part of a
evidence témoin evidência por testimoniales fire and / or anything else of relevance to a fire investigation.
testemunha
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Woodland Zone boisée Bosco Bosque/ Bosque A generic term for any area of land which is predominantly
(ou bois) floresta characterised by trees, whether in large tracts or smaller
units.
Woodland can be categorized according to the types of
species it contains, for instance: Coniferous woodland
–containing predominantly coniferous tree species.
Deciduous woodland – containing predominantly deciduous
tree speciespecies of cetrees.a mixture of confierous trees.l
coninuity the influence of human actions. Natural woodland
is more likely to. Mixed woodland – Woodland containing
a mixture of coniferous and deciduous tree species.
Woodland can also be categorized according to the degree
to which humans manage the area, which has an influence
on the type of fire behaviour that may be observed: Planted
woodland – An area of managed woodland (often artificially
established) where trees are grown for sale as timber
and / or for the commercial production of other forest
products. Planted woodland is often characterised by a
single species and continuity in both the horizontal and
vertical fuel arrangements. Natural woodland – Trees that
have germinated and grown in their natural state without
the influence of human actions. Natural woodland is likely
to contain multiple species of trees which leads to less
continuity of fuels than is found in planted woodland.
Wye coupling Division Divisore Disjuntor Dispositivo de An accessory used to split one hose line into two or more
bifurcación hose lines. A wye coupling will often split one larger line into
two or more smaller ones and may be gated with separate
valves for each line.
138
“V” and Indicateurs en Indicatori di Indicadores Indicadores de The initial perimeter of wildfires predominantly driven by
“U” pattern ”U”et en ”V” forma ”V” e padrão em propagación en the influences of wind or slope will commonly resemble a
indicators ”U” forma de ”V” ”V.o Ü” “V” or “U” shape pattern on the ground. The origin of
e ”U” these types of fire will usually be found towards the point
of the “V” or within the cup of the “U”, dependent upon
the combined influence of slope and wind. “V” and “U”
pattern indicators are most easily identified from an aerial
or elevated viewpoint.
139
Credits & Acknowledgements
The glossary has been compiled by:
Andrea Laschi – GESAAF, Università degli studi di Firenze - Italy
Cristiano Foderi – GESAAF, Università degli studi di Firenze - Italy
The translation was made with the assistance and guidance of:
Enrico Marchi - GESAAF, Università degli studi di Firenze - Italy
Davide Travaglini - GESAAF, Università degli studi di Firenze - Italy
Fabio Fabiano – GESAAF, Università degli studi di Firenze - Italy
Gherardo Chirici – GESAAF, Università degli studi di Firenze - Italy
Fabio Salbitano – GESAAF, Università degli studi di Firenze - Italy
Gianluca Calvani, Tuscany Region - Italy
Giacomo Pacini, Tuscany Region - Italy
Paola Pasquinelli, Tuscany Region - Italy
Luca Tonarelli, DREAM ITALIA - Italy
Enrico Magnani, DREAM ITALIA - Italy
Simone Scopetani, DREAM ITALIA - Italy
Vitor Reis, Escola Nacional de Bombeiros - Portugal
José Ferreira, Escola Nacional de Bombeiros - Portugal
Verónica Catarino, Escola Nacional de Bombeiros - Portugal
Artur Gomes, Escola Nacional de Bombeiros - Portugal
Luis Pita, Escola Nacional de Bombeiros - Portugal
Jody Rato, Escola Nacional de Bombeiros - Portugal
Tiago Marinho, Escola Nacional de Bombeiros - Portugal
Ronan de Saint Germain, ENTENTE pour la Forêt Méditerranéenne - France
Louis Bonfils, ENTENTE pour la Forêt Méditerranéenne - France
Jean-pierre Blanc, ENTENTE pour la Forêt Méditerranéenne - France
Jean-Frédéric Biscay, ENTENTE pour la Forêt Méditerranéenne - France
Philip Tosello, ENTENTE pour la Forêt Méditerranéenne - France
Elena Blanco Lago, CESEFOR - Spain
Roberto Rubio Gutiérrez, CESEFOR - Spain
Enrique Rey Van Den Bercken, CDF (Centro para la defensa contra el fuego) - Spain
140
Vı́ctor Fernández Huertas, CDF (Centro para la defensa contra el fuego) – Spain
The European Forest Fire Fighting Multi language Glossary has been developed within the MEFISTO project mainly on the basis of
existing “European” glossaries. For this reason, the MEFISTO partnership would like to express its gratitude to all of the partners on
the:
EUFOFINET Project, responsible for creating the European Glossary for Wildfires and Forest Fires (2012);
ALPFFIRS Project, responsible for developing the Alpine Forest Fire Glossary (2012);
F.I.R.E. 4 Project, responsible for producing the Forest Fire Fighting Terms Handbook (2010).
All these glossaries has been used as starting point and key inspiration for the creation of this multi-language glossary.
For further information about these glossaries, you may download them from the following links:
European Glossary for Wildfires and Forest Fires
Alpine Forest Fire Glossary
Forest Fire Fighting Terms Handbook
141

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