La gestione degli uomini : un manuale sullo sviluppo sistematico del morale e il controllo del comportamento umano . le cause di gruppo sono mostrate In Figure47. Questi sono stati ulteriormente classificabili come segue: Rispetto alla DisobbedienzaNature of cause superiori ufficiali di ordini totale Connesso con carattere. Bevanda 115 63 178 Malattia 5 15 20 Ignoranza 6 11 17 Instabile 19 40 59 Totali 145 129 274 Connessi Con Il Servizio: Credenza di trattamento ingiusto 7 14 2i Mancanza di disciplina 7 23 30 Modo di ordine 4 5 9 Incomprensione 5 17 22 natura di ordine i 11 12 Cattiva gestione da parte degli ufficiali 1 5 6 Cattiva gestione da parte di N. C. Os o 13

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The management of men : a handbook on the systematic development of morale and the control of human behavior . group causes are shown In Figure47. These were further classifiable as follows: Disrespect to DisobedienceNature of cause Superior officers of orders Total Connected with character. Drink 115 63 178 Illness 5 15 20 Ignorance 6 11 17 Unstable 19 40 59 Totals 145 129 274 Connected with Service: Belief of unjust treatment 7 14 2i Lack of discipline 7 23 30 Manner of order 4 5 9 Misunderstanding 5 17 22 Nature of order i 11 12 Poor handling by officers 1 5 6 Poor handling by N. C. Os o 13 13 Racial difficulty i 5 6 Temporary state of mind fertile to offense 3 10 13 Totals 29 103 132, Peculiar to war conditions: Disloyalty 3 13 16 REWARD, PUNISHMENT, DELINQUENCY 719 These figures show the great importance of alcohol as afactor in promoting indiscipline and disorder through thealtered mental state and lack of judgment which it develops.Doubtless many of these offenders would not have reactedagainst authority had they been sober. When liquor entersa company, good order tends to go out of it.. Figure 47. Analysis of 422 Cases of Offense Against Constituted Authority, as Revealed by General Court-Martial Records. Another important factor revealed by these figures relatesto the administrative errors and omissions of superiors.When illness, ignorance, belief of unjust treatment, lackof discipline, manner of order, misunderstanding, nature oforder, poor handling by officers, poor handling by N. C.Os., and racial difficulty are found to be the attributablecauses of thirty-seven per cent, of infractions of discipline ofthis nature, it would seem as if superior authority could notevade a considerable share of responsibility for their devel-opment. A qualifying factor in this case, however, doubt-less exists in the fact that many of the officers concernedwere themselves probably serving under temporary commis-sions and were proportionately inexperienced in thehandling of me